American Religions Final Spring 2020

Question 1

1. Pentecostal

Answer 1

Deriving from an event reported in the New Testament called the Pentecost where the Holy Spirit came to Jesus’s disciples after his death, in flames and causing them to speak in tongues, Pentecostal worship is characterized by highly emotional, spirit-filled religious ecstasy where gifts/movement of the Holy Spirit manifest (speaking in tongues, interpretation of glossolalia, healing of physical and psychological illness). (Corbett-Hemeyer, p. 91-93 and class notes) Relating to Pentecost. ALSO-relating to or denoting any of a number of Christian movements and individuals emphasizing baptism in the Holy Spirit, evidenced by speaking in tongues, prophecy, healing, and exorcism. ALSO- a member of a Pentecostal movement.

Question 2

2. Fourth Crusade

Answer 2

The intent of the Fourth Crusade in the early 1200s was for Latin Christians to win back Jerusalem from the Muslims by attacking at the base of Muslim power in Egypt; instead, Crusader armies were rerouted and laid siege to Constantinople to overthrow Alexius III, who had usurped the throne from Isaac II Angelos years earlier. (historynet.com, ancient.eu, and class notes)

Question 3

3. Disestablishment clause

Answer 3

This clause within the First Amendment indicates that Congress may not establish a state-supported religion; there are several views of disestablishment: accommodationist (help all religions, but protect the heritage of Judeo-Christianity), separationist (separation of church and state), and nonpreferentialist (support all religions like accommodationists, but no Judeo-Christian protections). (Corbett-Hemeyer and class notes)

Question 4

4. Holy Spirit

Answer 4

Also called the Holy Ghost, the Holy Spirit is part of the trinity including the God the Father and the Jesus Christ the Son, comprehended across multiple religions as various “spiritual gifts” and often defined as something to be experienced rather than explained; internalizing the Holy Spirit can take on many forms, such as speaking in tongues within the Pentecostal Church. (class notes)

Question 5

5. Charter for the Protection of Children and Young People.

Answer 5

The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops established the Charter for the Protection of Children and Young People in 2002 to address allegations of the sexual abuse of minors by members of the Catholic clergy. (usccb.org)

Question 6

6. Congregation Shearith Israel

Answer 6

America’s first synagogue, established in 1729 in by a group of Jewish colonists in New Amsterdam (Manhattan, NY); until that time “religious toleration of most” meant mostly Protestants, perhaps some Catholics. (class reading: Establishment or Tolerance? and class notes)

Question 7

7. Civil religion

Answer 7

Civil religion, as described by sociologist Robert Bellah in the late 1960s, is a “public religious dimension” whereby religious beliefs are expressed publicly through “God talk” in political documents (such as the Constitution) and speeches, holiday observances, and by describing political issues in moral terms, often either through a conservative and priestly path that emphasizes individual morality, or through a more liberal and prophetic view that emphasizes morality extended to the world. (Corbett-Hemeyer, p. 32-33)

Question 8

8. John Winthrop

Answer 8

(from mid-term, where test item was about the City on a Hill image so not sure this is what we should recall for final) As part of a sermon to Puritans travelling to the New World to establish the Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop described their future settlement as a civil and ecclesiastical form of government rising up as a city on a hill, visible to everyone to see if they did not succeed in keeping their covenant with God in the settlement establishment. (class reading: Establishment or Tolerance? and class notes)

• English Puritan lawyer and one of the leading figures in founding the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
• Winthrop led the first large wave of immigrants from England in 1630
• served as governor for 12 of the colony’s first 20 years.
• His writings and vision of the colony as a Puritan city upon a hill dominated New England colonial development, influencing the governments and religions of neighboring colonies.
• He was not involved in founding the Massachusetts Bay Company in 1628, but he became involved in 1629 when anti-Puritan King Charles I began a crackdown on Nonconformist religious thought.
• In October 1629, he was elected governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, and he led a group of colonists to the New World in April 1630, founding a number of communities on the shores of Massachusetts Bay and the Charles River.

Question 9

9. First Great Awakening

Answer 9

Occurring from the 1720s-1740s, the First Great Awakening, was a new kind of religious movement with a Calvinist foundation in the colonies, with key figures Jonathan Edwards, George Whitfield, and John Wesley preaching that all sinners can experience the work of salvation by trusting in the word of God and actively converting (because you cannot think or believe your way into God’s grace). (class notes)

Question 10

10. Charismatic

Answer 10

Charismatic Christianity focuses on the believer being filled with the movement of the Holy Spirit; it is most widely portrayed in Pentecostal worship and mostly through glossolalia; however, charismatic Christianity has experienced a second wave that has crossed into other Protestant denominations as well as the Catholic Church. (Corbett-Hemeyer and class notes)
  The “new charismatic movement brought Pentecostal experiences to Christians who had not previously had them” (other major Protestant denoms and Catholicism) and emphasized “experience rather than doctrine” (C-H, p. 93-94)

Question 11

11. Religion

Answer 11

Religion is a system with elements of institution, ritual, belief/myth, and ethics that provides guidelines for what it means to be human as per holy or sacred beliefs due to the teachings of a supernatural higher power; religion can be between a man and his God or communities of faith, is also found in political practices, and has both united and divided humanity. (class notes)

Question 12

12. Second Great Awakening

Answer 12

The Second Great Awakening saw the start of evangelicalism, with an increase in revivalist preaching that was much more emotionally charged and appealing, and promoted more emotional congregation responses and behaviors; there was also pressure applied on making an immediate decision on conversion now as the path to salvation. (Corbett-Hemeyer p. 66 and class notes)
  With similarities to the First Great Awakening in terms of message content, the Second Great Awakening occurred from 1795 to 1835 on the American frontier and emphasized an emotional over intellectual style (roots of Evangelicalism) while pressing listeners for immediate conversion to Jesus Christ as personal savior, often because listeners were highly mobile and may move from the local community within hours. (Class presentation, JCH)

Question 13

13. Evangelical Protestant

Answer 13

The Evangelical Protestant is the current predominant style of Protestantism in the U.S., characterized mainly by salvation as a conversion experience prompted by a conscious decision. (Corbett-Hemeyer, p. 64 and class notes)	
  Evangelical Protestants have enjoyed dramatic growth in recent decades compared to mainline protestant churches (though they overlap), and generally tend to interpret the Bible as the inerrant, authoritative word of God; see Jesus Christ as the only path to personal salvation; hold the central importance of a conversion experience to Jesus Christ in personal testimony; emphasize the death and resurrection of Jesus for the forgiveness of human sin; and often display signs of fundamentalism, perhaps including speaking in tongues, Pentecostal movement of Spirit and may present cases of demon possession. (JCH, class presentation and notes)

Question 14

14. Magisterium

Answer 14

The Magisterium within the Catholic Church is the church’s authority that interprets the Word of God; this interpretation is left to the Pope (the Bishop of Rome) and regional Bishops, who are the authorities of the church within specific locales. (class notes)	
  It is the teaching office of the Catholic Church and the authoritative source of the teachings, beliefs, and doctrines of the Church, centered around the Council of Bishops.

Question 15

15. Free exercise clause

Answer 15

Spearheaded by James Madison and a step up from the view of “toleration” of religious exercise that existed prior, the free exercise clause is the second half of the First Amendment and states that government may not prohibit the free exercise of any religion; one view of this clause is Communitarian, where beliefs may be practiced as long as cultural and moral sensibilities are not offended, and Libertarian, where beliefs may be practiced as long as practices do not violate basic human rights. (Corbett-Hemeyer, p. 25-26, and class notes)

Question 16

16. Seven Ecumenical Councils

Answer 16

Throughout history and to the present, ecumenical councils have been described as groups of religious dignitaries whose language is esteemed within the orthodoxy and who come together to make decisions regarding church doctrine; these types of councils cross denominations. (britannica.com and class notes)	
  Ecumenical Councils are the earliest gatherings of the whole Holy Apostolic Catholic Church (pre-Schism) presided by the Patriarchs of the original five Holy Sees (Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria, Rome, and Byzantium) and convened by Roman Emperors to clarify questions of faith, dogma, and condemn heretical teachings.

Question 17

17. Religious Test clause

Answer 17

Article 6 of the U.S. Constitution prohibits any kind of religious requirement for holding public office. (class notes)

Question 18

18. Ex Cathedra

Answer 18

Phrase meaning “from the Throne” and refers to the infallibility of the teaching of the Pope of Rome in matters of doctrine when speaking from the Papal Throne.

Question 19

19. Immaculate Conception

Answer 19

Roman Catholic dogma which states that the Virgin Mary was conceived without the stain of original sin.

Question 20

20. Transubstantiation

Answer 20

is the changing of the essential substance of the bread and wine into the body and blood of Christ during the consecration of the Eucharistic gifts during the Mass.

Question 21

21. Seamless garment

Answer 21

refers to a consistent life ethics, since God created all life, Roman Catholics are biased towards life in all circumstances (abortion, death penalty, refugees and healing).
The seamless garment metaphor, coined by the late Archbishop of Chicago Joseph Bernardin in 1984, refers to a consistent life ethic derived from Catholic Social Teachings that honor the sanctity of human life across a wide spectrum of issues, including war, capital punishment, human trafficking, abortion, euthanasia, workers’ rights, the poverty-stricken, etc. (www.catholic.com)

Question 22

22. Tradition of Catholic Social Teachings

Answer 22

term originating from Pope Leo XIII’s 1891 Encyclical on capital and labor (Rerum Novarum) where it called for alleviating the misery of the working class caused by capitalism in post-industrial society. It advocated for capitalism restrained by moral principles to treat workers or laborers justly and humanely. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rerum_novarum

Question 23

23. Incarnation

Answer 23

the doctrine of the Holy Apostolic Catholic Church which states that Jesus (the Christ) was fully God and fully man (both natures divine and human unconfused and undivided).

Question 24

24. Vatican II

Answer 24

The Vatican II was a major church council where changes were made including, but not limited to, a confirmation of separation of church and state, it becoming acceptable to render Mass in the language of the area where Mass is held, an architectural revision where the priest now faces the congregation during Mass, and a change to the sacrament of last rites to include anointing those who are very ill but not in danger of dying. (Corbett-Hemeyer, pgs. 105-110 and class notes) 
  in 1965, Council of the Roman Catholic Church which sought to modernize worship in the Catholic Church by allowing the mass to be celebrated in the vernacular instead of the traditional Latin Mass, and changed the order of service so the priest would face the congregation and stand for Christ (in persona Christi) while celebrating the sacraments.

Question 25

25. Van Orden vs. Perry

Answer 25

Thomas Van Orden argued that a Ten Commandments monument on the Texas Capitol grounds violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment; this case went to the Supreme Court as Van Orden v. Perry where Van Orden lost and the monument remains. (class notes) 2005 Supreme Court case

Question 26

26. Great Schism in Christianity

Answer 26

The Great Schism in 1054 was a split between the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church due to theological disputes around language in the Nicene Creed and resulting in Eastern and Western mutually excommunicating each other. (class notes)
  in 1054, refers to the mutual excommunication of the Byzantine (Eastern Orthodox) and Roman Catholic Church over doctrinal differences (Papal authority, Filioque clause in the Nicene Creed).

Question 27

27. Iconostasis

Answer 27

screen of icons separating the nave from the altar (apse) in the Eastern Orthodox Church, and displays icons of Christ, the Theotokos, Angels, Apostles, Saints, Feasts of the Church.

Question 28

28. Sacraments

Answer 28

also known as mysteries or religious rituals thought which God’s divine grace is imparted to the recipient through the actions and prayers of the priest. Ex: Baptism, Chrismations, Eucharist, Confession, Marriage, Holy Unction, and Holy Orders.

A sacrament refers to ritualized actions that help enact or make present the grace of God, such as baptism or the Eucharist, the number of which vary across Christian denominations, e.g., Luther and Calvin recognized two sacraments, whereas the Church of England and Catholics recognized seven (confirmation, confession, marriage, holy orders, anointing of the sick, in addition to baptism and the Eucharist). (Class notes, JCH, www.learnreligions.com)

Question 29

29. Creed

Answer 29

an official Ecumencial statement clearly expressing the belief of a religious group (i.e. Christians) such as the Apostles’ Creed, or the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed.

Question 30

30. Theotokos

Answer 30

term meaning “God bearer” referring to the Virgin Mary to indicate that she had conceived and given birth to the incarnate God (the God-man).

Question 31

31. Roger Williams

Answer 31

(response from the mid-term which has to do with Williams on persecution, but has info on who he is) Originally a Puritan minister and the founder of the first Baptist church in America, Roger Williams rejected the persecution of Christians because of their “soul liberty,” or their personal spirituality; he was also among the first to extend religious tolerance to Jews. (class reading: Establishment or Tolerance?, Corbett-Hemeyer pgs. 52-53, and class notes)

A dissenter from John Winthrop’s vision of an ecclesial civil authority, Roger Williams organized the Rhode Island colony around concepts of religious tolerance and liberty, using language that valued individual conscience and freedom from religious persecution. (Class presentation, notes, JCH, www.pluralism.org)

the statement was called “The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution”

Question 32

32. Puritans

Answer 32

The Puritans intended to purify the ways of the Church of England from the inside out (as opposed to separating from the Church); John Winthrop was amongst the well-known who worked to make the Massachusetts Bay Colony a “city on the hill”—the best example of the Church’s teachings that would be seen by all.
1630’s, puritans migrated to purify the Church of England (John Winthrop)

Question 33

33. Pilgrims

Answer 33

1620’s, they were dissenters who separated from the Church of England seeking religious freedom in the New World.

Question 34

34. David Walker

Answer 34

(from the mid-term, this response actually represents information about Walker’s “Appeal”–not sure that’s what is in the professor’s mind) Considered revolutionary, radical, and incendiary at the time of its publishing in 1829, “Appeal” is part of a tract written by African American abolitionist and activist David Walker, providing a condemnation of slavery, outlining the effects of slavery on both black slaves and free blacks, calling for African Americans to resist oppression and for White Americans to seek redemption. (class reading: David Walker’s Appeal, pbs.org, and class notes)

Question 35

35. Jarena Lee

Answer 35

Born in 1873, was the first woman preacher in the African Methodist Church after she felt the call to preach the gospel.

Question 36

36. Joseph Smith

Answer 36

American religious leader and founder of Mormonism and the Latter Day Saint movement. When he was 24, Smith published the Book of Mormon.

Question 37

37. Brigham Young

Answer 37

After the assassination of Joseph Smith in 1844, Young was chosen leader of the Mormons and continued as president until his death. He directed the migration of 16,000 Mormons from Illinois to Utah from 1846 to 1852, and became governor of the territory in 1851. In addition to bolstering his community through education and the arts, Young contracted for the national expansion of telegraph and railroad lines.

Question 38

38. Adventism

Answer 38

For the largest church in the Adventist tradition, see Seventh-day Adventist Church. Adventism is a branch of Protestant Christianity[1] that believes in the imminent Second Coming (or Second Advent ) of Jesus Christ. It originated in the 1830s in the United States during the Second Great Awakening when Baptist preacher William Miller first publicly shared his belief that the Second Coming would occur at some point between 1843 and 1844. His followers became known as Millerites. After the Great Disappointment, the Millerite movement split up and was continued by a number of groups that held different doctrines from one another. These groups, stemming from a common Millerite ancestor, became known collectively as the Adventist movement.

Question 39

39. Progressive Revelation

Answer 39

Progressive revelation is the doctrine in Christianity that the sections of the Bible that were written later contain a fuller revelation of God than the earlier sections.

Question 40

40. Mary Baker Eddy

Answer 40

“Discoverer and Founder” of Christian Science

Question 41

41. Lehi

Answer 41

Originally from Jerusalem, he is a main prophet in the book of Mormon, brought family to the colonies in America (wikipedia and class chart)

Question 42

42. Moroni

Answer 42

son of Mormom, both of whom appeared to Joseph Smith when he went to the woods to ask which faith was true. (class notes)
He revealed the book of Mormon to Joseph Smith (https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/gs/moroni-son-of-mormon?lang=eng)

Question 43

43. Endowment (LDS)

Answer 43

First temple ceremony which is a prerequisite for any other Latter-day Saints ceremony. Grants the knowledge needed to allow a person to return to God after death. They retrace the history of the human race, emphasize the importance of the present time, covenants and promises are made, and obligations and blessings are given. (American Born Christians, Religion in America pg 158-159)

Question 44

44. Eternal Marriage (LDS)

Answer 44

Eternal marriage is a very important Temple ceremony in LDS—it is a separate, special ceremony sealing the relationship for all of eternity. A regular wedding performed in a Mormon (LDS) church ends when one spouse dies. An eternal marriage lasts forever. (p. 159, textbook - “Marriage and family ties can continue into eternity, according to Mormon belief. The marriage of husband and wife, as well as the relationship of parents and children, can be made eternal by participation in temple ceremonies. Temple marriage is also required for entrance into the highest degree of exaltation following death.”)

Question 45

45. Temple Baptism (LDS)

Answer 45

A temple ordinance, the baptismal font are on sculptures of oxen that represent the twelve tribes of Israel. They are baptised in the temple and it includes immersion and only those that are old enough to understand the significance can be baptised. “It is performed by the living on behalf of the dead” Those that die without hearing the Mormon teachings needed for exaltation can receive them in spirit by family members who are baptised on their behalf. Temple baptism is for these relatives who did not receive it themselves and “temple work” involves tracing your ancestry back and performing vicarious ceremonies but the soul in the spirit world must give consent to be saved, the ceremony itself does not save them. (American Born Christians, Religion in America pg 159)

Question 46

46. Fall at Lynn

Answer 46

This refers to the fall that Mary Baker Eddy had on an icy street in Lynn, MA in 1866 which left her in critical condition because of her injuries, but she healed by turning to God and the Bible, and this gave rise to Christian Science religion. http://christianscienceinlynn.org/christian-science-in-lynn/

Question 47

47. Magnetism (CS)

Answer 47

“Mesmerism or animal magnetism was first brought into notice by Mesmer in Germany in 1775. According to the American Cyclopaedia, he regarded this so-called force, which he said could be exerted by one living organism over another, as a means of alleviating disease.” (from https://www.christianscience.com/the-christian-science-pastor/science-and-health/chapter-v-animal-magnetism-unmasked) and
In Christian Science, magnetism is evil. Mary Baker Eddy (“Discoverer and Founder” of Christian Science) “ definitely and succinctly defines ‘animal magnetism’ when she writes (ibid., p. 103): ‘As named in Christian Science, animal magnetism or hypnotism is the specific term for error, or mortal mind. It is the false belief that mind is in matter, and is both evil and good; that evil is as real as good and more powerful. This belief has not one quality of Truth.’ Animal magnetism—evil of all kinds—is, then, but a false belief in a power apart from God. It has no identity, no power, no intelligence, no reality. There is no person to which it can be attached and no place in which it can operate.” (from https://sentinel.christianscience.com/shared/view/1zz6gk47150)

Mary Baker Eddy wiki page says the short definition is: (malicious animal) magnetism - that people can be harmed by the bad thoughts of others. Franz Mesmer (founder of mesmerism, later called hypnosis) believed in animal magnetism , the invisible force all living things possessed. He said it could affect people physically, etc (it was also described as an invisible fluid) and he said it could create healing. Mary Baker Eddy considered it an evil force. From our textbook p. 162, a basic belief of Christian Scientists is “all that God creates is good”. That means the evils of sin, sickness, and death are part of the errant human reality, not God’s reality. Magnetism, therefore, falls under the sin/sickness/death category in Mary Baker Eddy’s opinion. She also accused some people in her life of actively using magnetism against her (a few students she expelled from her inner circle), and she became worried up until her death that she would not die of natural causes, but from animal magnetism. MBE also wrote about animal magnetism in her founding book from 1875, Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures.

Question 48

48. Christian Science Monitor

Answer 48

The Christian Science Monitor is a non-religious, national newspaper, originally created in 1908 by Christian Science’s founder Mary Baker Eddy. It publishes daily in print and online, and does include 1 religious article per day, as per MBE’s request. It has won 7 Pulitzer prizes and numerous other awards. Just a reminder–it is a not a religious publication, even though it has been subsidized for many years by the Christian Science church. Here’s how the CSM describes itself: “Our aim is to embrace the human family, shedding light with the conviction that understanding the world’s problems and possibilities moves us towards solutions.”

Question 49

49. New World Translation

Answer 49

Jehovah’s Witnesses thought that the Bible contained errors so they published their own translation in 1961 to correct the errors. (American Born Christians, Religion in America pg 166).

Question 50

50. Armageddon

Answer 50

Jehovah’s Witness, Battle of Armageddon will be a universal disaster. “God is gathering the righteous together to spare them from the disaster”. It is written in the book of Revelation, will begin the reign of Jehovah god on earth and witnesses will be the forerunners of this new kingdom, 144,000 people will live with God in Heaven. The rest will live on earth in a paradise, kingdom of God on both earth and in heaven but only the select will have eternal life in heaven with God. These chosen people are called to separate from society to create their own theocracy…don’t involve themselves in politics, the military, don’t salute the flag or sing the national anthem because they do not want to worship the nation as a false idol (American Born Christians, Religion in America pg 166).

Question 51

51. Birthdays and Christmas (Jehov. Wit.)

Answer 51

Jehovah’s Witnesses do not celebrate birthdays or religious holidays like Christmas because they believe these have pagan origins.

Question 52

52. William Miller

Answer 52

William Miller, (born Feb. 15, 1782, Pittsfield, Mass., U.S.—died Dec. 20, 1849, Low Hampton, N.Y.), American religious enthusiast, leader of a movement called Millerism that sought to revive belief that the bodily arrival (“advent”) of Christ was imminent.

Question 53

53. Ellen G White

Answer 53

Ellen Gould White (née Ellen Gould Harmon; November 26, 1827 – July 16, 1915) was an author and an American Christian pioneer. Along with other Adventist leaders such as Joseph Bates and her husband James White, she was instrumental within a small group of early Adventists who formed what became known as the Seventh-day Adventist Church. White is considered a leading figure in American vegetarian history. The Smithsonian magazine named Ellen G. White among the 100 Most Significant Americans of All Time. White’s writings still influence people today. White claimed to have received over 2,000 visions and dreams from God in public and private meetings throughout her life, which were witnessed by Adventist pioneers and the general public. She verbally described and published for public consumption the content of the alleged visions.

Question 54

54. Great Disappointment

Answer 54

The reaction that followed William Miller’s incorrect prediction that Jesus Christ would return in October of 1844 (p.164 in Religion in America book).

Question 55

55. Annihilationism

Answer 55

In Christianity, annihilationism (also known as extinctionism or destructionism)[1] is the belief that those who are wicked will perish or be no more. It states that after the final judgment all unsaved human beings and all fallen angels (all of the damned) and Satan himself will be totally destroyed so as to not exist, or that their consciousness will be extinguished rather than suffer everlasting torment in hell (often synonymized with the lake of fire). Wikipedia

Question 56

56. Sabbatarian

Answer 56

“Seventh-day Adventists continue to celebrate the Sabbath on Saturday. “Seventh-day” in the group’s name refers to this practice. Sometimes people who keep a Saturday Sabbath are called Sabbatarians” (p.164 in Religion in America book).

Question 57

57. Premillennialism

Answer 57

“The belief in Jesus’s literal, physical return to the earth and his subsequently taking of the faithful to reign with him eternally” (p.169 in Religion in America book).

Question 58

58. Tanakh (Ta - Torah; Na - for Nev’i’m; Kh - for Ketuvim)

Answer 58

it is the complete set of Jewish texts including the Five Books of Moses (Torah), the Books of the Prophets (Nev’i’m), and the Writings which include Psalms, Proverbs, Job, and Ecclesiastes (Ketuvim) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible

Question 59

59. Talmud

Answer 59

written record of centuries of discussion, commentary, interpretation on the Torah by ancient Rabbis, who were scholars and teachers of the Torah. (Corbett-Hermeyer, 2016)

Question 60

60. Shema

Answer 60

is the central belief in Judaism of one God, which is repeated daily, “Hear, O Israel! The Lord is our God, the Lord alone” (Dt. 6:4, Tanakh) (Corbett-Hermeyer, 2016, p.181).

Question 61

61. B’nai Mitzvah

Answer 61

Bar mitzvah is a Jewish coming of age ritual for boys, whereas Bat mitzvah is a Jewish coming of age ritual for girls.
B’nai Mitzvah is the plural of the male term bar mitzvah.

Question 62

62. Rosh Hashanah

Answer 62

it is the Jewish New Year, usually early autumn (Sept/Oct), a time of contemplation and spiritual self evaluation, taking account of the deeds done and not done the previous year (Corbett-Hermeyer, 2016).

Question 63

63. Yom Kippur

Answer 63

ritual symbolizing forgiveness for sins against God, also called Day of Atonement.

Question 64

64. Shofar

Answer 64

instrument made from the horn of a ram and sounds like the wailing of the heart of the human race. Used for the celebration of Rosh Hashanah. The sounding of the shofar is the oldest and best known of the rituals known that is related to the festival of the new year. (Corbett-Hermeyer, 2016)

Question 65

65. Menorah

Answer 65

It is a Hanukkah candleholder, which has eight branches plus a ningth that holds the lighting candle (Corbett-Hermeyer, 2016).

Question 66

66. Purim

Answer 66

Purim is a Jewish holiday that commemorates the day Esther, Queen of Persia, saved the Jewish people from execution by Haman, the advisor to the Persian king. It is celebrated by dressing up in costume and having fun with the community. Hamantaschen, triangular filled pastries/cookies, are the traditional treat at Purim time.

Question 67

67. Shoah

Answer 67

Sho’ah means “burnt sacrifice” and it is a term used to refer to the Holocaust. It comes from Yom Ha Shoah, which is a recent Jewish observance marking the rememberance of the Holocaust. It takes place in the Spring.

Question 68

68. Seder

Answer 68

It is the Passover meal.

Question 69

69. Shavuot

Answer 69

Feast of Weeks which follows the Passover, and it originates in the harvest festival; but it is connected now with the giving of the Ten Commandments to Moses on Mt. Sinai.

Question 70

70. Hasidic Judaism

Answer 70

Hasidic Jews believe that living an authentically Jewish life means living apart from others. They speak a distinctive language, wear distinctively Jewish clothing, adhere to a strictly kosher diet, strictly observe the Sabbath, and live mainly in Jewish neighborhoods. They follow a tsaddiq, a holy man believed to bring God’s special blessings to those who follow him (Corbett-Hemeyer, p. 189). Hasidism is considered the mystical branch of Judaism (like Sufism is to Islam, or Christian mysticism is to Christianity) (Corbett-Hemeyer, p. 215). And from Wiki- Its members adhere closely both to Orthodox Jewish practice and the traditions of Eastern European Jews. Yiddish is a language commonly spoken among Hasidic Jews.

Question 71

71. Orthodox Judaism

Answer 71

One of three denominations of Judaism who practice the oldest of Jewish traditions that have not changed since day one. The other denominations of Judaism are Conservative and Reform. Rabbi Blumof is a Conservative rabbi. (YouTube video from the Chicago Police Department.)

Question 72

72. Halakah

Answer 72

it is a ceremonial law with as much authority as the Torah because both come from the same source, God, “Do this” (Corbett-Hermeyer, 2016).

Question 73

73. Tefillin

Answer 73

a small box (red or black) that is tied to the forehead or arm of Orthodox Jewish men and contains a prayer from the Torah.

Question 74

74. Kippah

Answer 74

skullcap
also known as a yarmulke, it is the rimless skullcap worn at all times by Orthodox Jewish men and during prayer by other Jewish men. It fulfills the customary requirement that the head be covered.

Question 75

75. AVODAH

Answer 75

worship of God through prayer and observance (Corbett-Hermeyer, 2016).

Question 76

76. Conservative Judaism

Answer 76

It is a form of Judaism that falls between Orthodoxy and Reform Judaism, supporting religious tradition with evolution and change of interpretation over time. (Corbett-Hemeyer, 2016, p. 192).

Question 77

77. Zionism

Answer 77

A Jewish movement that supports the establishment of a Jewish nation or national homeland is Israel. (Corbett-Hemeyer, page 194. Supplemented by Google.)

Question 78

78. Hadith:

Answer 78

it means tradition, which allows for interpretation and application of the Qur’an

Question 79

79. People of the Book

Answer 79

originally an Islamic term used to refer to monotheistic religions, namely Christians, Jews, Sabians, that use the Torah (Old Testament) and/or the New Testament (Bible) as sacred writings. The term is currently used in a wider sense.

Question 80

80. 632 A.D. (Islam)

Answer 80

The year of the death of the Prophet Muhammad, considered the beginning of the religion of Islam.

Question 81

81. 5 Pillars of Islam

Answer 81

Faith
Prayer 5 times a day
Giving of Alms
Fasting during Ramadan
Hajj or pilgrimage to Mecca

Question 82

82. 5 core beliefs of Islam

Answer 82

One God (Allah)
Prophethood of Mohammad
Angels of Allah
All books of Allah (Torah, Christian Bible, Qur’an)
Believe in all the Prophets of Allah, Life After death

Question 83

83. Masjid

Answer 83

is the Mosque or Islamic place of workshop

Question 84

84. Hijab

Answer 84

veil worn by Muslim women when outside the home or in the presence of men who are not part of the family.

Question 85

85. Sufi

Answer 85

Mystical branch of Islam

Question 86

86. Shia

Answer 86

a denomination or subgroup of Muslims

Question 87

87. Sunni

Answer 87

Largest denomination or subgroup of Muslims

Question 88

88. American Muslim Mission

Answer 88

1980- Muslim organization previously known as Nation of Islam, lead by Wallace (Warith) Deen Muhammad, and advocated the welfare of Black Americans without the separatists or racial violence of the previous Nation of Islam’s philosophy. It attracted middle class Black Americans and other Muslims.

Question 89

89. Nation of Islam

Answer 89

Founded in 1934 by Elijah Muhammad, spousing separatist racial views, views the White man as Satan, started a prison ministry. Warith Deen Muhammad, his son takes over and changes the name to #88. Louis Farrakhan later takes Nation of Islam to extreme separatist stance, attracts unemployed and underemployed African Americans and sees Whites as oppressors and enemies.

Question 90

90. 8 fold path (Buddhism)

Answer 90

Right action, right view, right speech, right effort, right mindfulness, right concentration, right thinking, right occupation
This is a path for an individual to attain spiritual nirvana, which means living without dissatisfaction and with complete peace. When Nirvana is reached, the individual escapes the cycle of death and rebirth. (Corbett-Hemeyer pg. 252)

Question 91

91. 4 Noble Truths (Buddhism)

Answer 91

all life involves suffering, we aggravate or even cause our own suffering, we can escape suffering, 8-fold path

Question 92

92. 5 Precepts (Buddhism)

Answer 92

don’t kill
don’t lie
don’t steal
don’t use intoxicants
don’t have sex outside marriage

Question 93

93. Vedas

Answer 93

the most ancient Hindu scriptures, written in early Sanskrit and containing hymns, philosophy, and guidance on ritual for the priests of Vedic religion.
Errol The oldest sacred writings that have influenced the development of Hinduism. Bhagavad-Gita is a famous section of a longer Veda called the Mahabharata, of which Dr. Baker read a part in class. (Corbet-Hemeyer pg 241)

Question 94

94. Atman

Answer 94

Hindu- the spiritual life principle of the universe, especially when regarded as inherent in the real self of the individual. Also- A persons soul
The human’s real self, or divine self, which is carried through each successive reincarnation cycle (death and rebirth), progressing until the separation between the real self and the divine is overcome, resulting in unity and liberation (Corbett-Hemeyer).
“The Real Self, or Atman, is the divine within each and every person” (Corbett-Hemeyer, p. 241)

Question 95

95. Moksha

Answer 95

(in Hinduism and Jainism) release from the cycle of rebirth impelled by the law of karma. Also- the transcendent state attained as a result of being released from the cycle of rebirth. (Corbett-Hemeyer 241-242)

Question 96

96. Karma

Answer 96

(in Hinduism and Buddhism) the sum of a person’s actions in this and previous states of existence, viewed as deciding their fate in future existences. Also- destiny or fate, following as effect from cause.
The moral law of cause and effect through which our actions create our destiny (Corbett-Hemeyer Pg. 241)

Question 97

97. Dharma

Answer 97

(in Indian religion) the eternal and inherent nature of reality, regarded in Hinduism as a cosmic law underlying right behavior and social order. ALSO- (in Buddhism) the nature of reality regarded as a universal truth taught by the Buddha; the teaching of Buddhism. ALSO-an aspect of truth or reality.

Question 98

98. Siddhartha Guatama

Answer 98

the actual historical Buddha who became enlightened sitting under a tree

Question 99

99. 3 Treasures

Answer 99

Three Jewels (Buddhism), Buddha, Dharma and Sangha (Sanskrit: triratna, Pali: tiratana) Three Treasures (Taoism), compassion, frugality and humility.

Question 100

100. Theravada

Answer 100

the more conservative of the two major traditions of Buddhism (the other being Mahayana), and a school of Hinayana Buddhism. It is practiced mainly in Sri Lanka, Burma (Myanmar), Thailand, Cambodia, and Laos.
The oldest form of Buddhism, sometimes called monastic or foundational buddhism, is a tradition of elders that adheres strictly to the Tripitaka scriptures.
There was a large growth of immigrants and communities practicing this religion in America in the 1960’s and 1970’s due to displacement by political turmoil and war. (Corbett-Hemeyer pg. 257)

Question 101

101. Mahayana

Answer 101

one of the two major traditions of Buddhism, now practiced in a variety of forms especially in China, Tibet, Japan, and Korea. The tradition emerged around the 1st century AD and is typically concerned with altruistically oriented spiritual practice as embodied in the ideal of the bodhisattva.
Known as the “Greater Vehicle” of Buddhism tradition, it is a more liberalized form of this religion. It’s scriptures are called sutras and are studied in addition to the Tripitaka. “Bodhisattvas” are the ideal figures in this tradition, compassionate beings who delay their own personal liberation to the put the liberation of the whole first. Mahayanists believe all human beings are moving together toward enlightenment. (Corbett-Hemeyer Pg. 258)

Question 102

102. Tibetan Buddhism

Answer 102

Tibetan Buddhism is a religion in exile, forced from its homeland when Tibet was conquered by the Chinese. … Tibetan Buddhism combines the essential teachings of Mahayana Buddhism with Tantric and Shamanic, and material from an ancient Tibetan religion called Bon
Also called Tantrayana because it incorporates additional sacred writings called Tantras. It brings a heightened ritualistic dimension to Buddhism that uses hand gestures call mudras vocal sounds or words called mantras and ritual diagrams called mandalas.

Question 103

103. Hart-Celler Act

Answer 103

This was the bill passed by Congress and signed by Pres. Johnson in 1965, which changed the process of immigration that had been established since 1790 and only allowed White-skinned immigrants to come into the USA. This bill opened the doors to immigrants from Africa and Asia. (class notes)

Question 104

104. Pure Land Buddhism

Answer 104

Pure Land is a tradition of Buddhist teachings that are focused on Amitābha Buddha. Pure Land oriented practices and concepts are found within basic Mahāyāna Buddhist cosmology, and form an important component of the Mahāyāna Buddhist traditions of China, Japan, Korea,Vietnam, and Tibet.

Question 105

105. Zen

Answer 105

Zen Buddhism is one form of the great Mahayana tradition in Buddhism that practices meditation in a sitting position. Zen Buddhism focuses on being fully in the present moment without getting caught up in interpretations and overthinking things. The State of Zen is a state of calm attentiveness. (Corbett-Hemeyer, page 261.)
Also, Zen emphasizes the attainment of Enlightenment within one’s own lifetime (C-H, p. 261)

Question 106

106. Mahabharata

Answer 106

one of two important epic poems in ancient India, it is about the Bharata Dynasty and one of the foundations of Hindu belief. Written by Vyasa with the aid of his scribe Ganesha.

Question 107

107. Shiva

Answer 107

The destroyer, one of Hinduism’s three main Gods

Question 108

108. Brahma

Answer 108

The creator, one of Hinduism’s three main Gods

Question 109

109. Vishnu

Answer 109

The preserver, one of Hinduism’s three main Gods

Question 110

110. Lakshmi

Answer 110

Goddess of wealth and knowledge, wife of Vishnu, and born from the churning of the sea of milk.

Question 111

111. Parvati

Answer 111

Consort of Shiva and mother of Ganesha

Question 112

112. Ganesha

Answer 112

god born of Shiva and Parvati, born full grown from the dew of the body of Parvati. Shiva arrived when Parvati was taking a bath and Ganesha opens the door but his father doesn’t recognize him and cuts his head off. When Parvati tells him he killed his son, Shiva gets the first head he finds and Ganesha ends up with an elephant head.

Question 113

113. Ganges

Answer 113

river goddess with whom Mahabisha falls in love and reincarnates as Shantanu.

Question 114

114. Ramayana

Answer 114

the second major epic poem in ancient India. Tells the story of the god Rama

Question 115

115. Unaffiliation

Answer 115

People who are not affiliated with a religion. Noting the context, analyzing the data, understanding the stories

• noting the context - disestablishment, Awakening, civil religion, authenticity, individual choice
• analyzing the data - stereotypes to watch out for, what the numbers indicate
• understanding the stories - a step toward empathy and seeing the word in a way that makes meaning, connecting patterns, getting inside of the world view to understand why a person thinks/believes what they do.

Question 116

116. Subtraction theory of secularism

Answer 116

Process by which religion simply falls away to be replaced by science and rationality. The subtraction part has to do with statements like This is no more than _______. Or The real truth about Jesus is that _______. We reject explanations that involve beings or entities or realties we cannot comprehend like God for ex. [We get rid of mystery in my opinion] (Spiritual Friendship after Religion, Stewart-Sicking, p. 15)
Also, [the idea of religious subtraction] “is understood by the general public as the evacuation of religion from the public sphere, in the work of government, education, health care and other social institutions that were once closely associated with, if not entirely controlled by, the Church.” (Choosing Our Religion, Drescher, top of p. 61)

Question 117

117. Christo-tainment

Answer 117

Selling Christianity/ Jesus through mainstream media. Christian entertainment. Evangelism for the masses- because no one wants the fire and brimstone that we grew up with, they want to be entertained by the stories in the Bible

Question 118

118. Immanent frame -

Answer 118

is a perspective where it is possible to live in the natural world without reference to a transcendent reality. [It is a way to see the world where there is no possibility of contact with supernatural beings. It happens because of that reduction of science and reason applied to religion or the stuff that cannot be seen, the supernatural].

Question 119

119. Spiritual friendship

Answer 119

It is that walking down the path with someone trying to understand the perspective of the other person, their journey without judgement or comparison.
“By focusing on people’s unfolding stories, spiritual companions can help them claim their own voices to tell the story of their lives, place the challenges they encounter in the context of new stories, and be attentive moment by moment so that they can make the best decisions they can.” (“Spiritual Friendship after Religion”, Stewart-Sicking, p. 51). [Spiritual companions] “help them not only experience but accept change.” (p. 56)