American Literature Flashcards
PURITAN VS PILGRIM
PURITAN. PILGRIMS
.John Winthorp. . William Bradford
. Massachusetts Bay Colony. . Plymouth, ( on the Mayflower)
. Non separatists . Separatists
.John Smith
PURITANISM
. EMERGED IN ENGLAND AROUND THE MIDDLE OF THE 1500S
. AIM: TO PURIFY THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND OF HIERARCHY, RITUAL, CHURCH ADORNMENT, REVERENCING IMAGES OF SAINTS, AND ORNATE CLERICAL VESTMENTS.
. THEY WERE HARSHLY PERSECUTED BY CHARLES I
. SEEKING RELIGIOUS FREEDOM THEY EMIGRATED TO NEW ENGLAND FROM 1620-1630.
. BASED ON THE THEOLOGY OF CALVINISM
. Did not want to separate from the Church of England, but sought religious freedom
CALVINISM
. THEOLOGY OF JOHN CALVIN THAT STATES THAT GOD IS A HARSH GOD AND MANKIND IS DEPRAVED FROM BIRTH BECAUSE OF ADAM’S FALL.
. MOST ARE DAMNED DESPITE THEIR BEST EFFORTS
. EDUCATION WAS A RELIGIOUS DUTY
. CALVINISTIC HARSHNESS WAS TEMPERED BY “COVENANT THEORY”: THE ONE GOD MADE WITH ABRAHAM
JOHN SMITH
.
. GENERALLY REGARDED AS THE EARLIEST WRITER OF AMERICAN LITERATURE.
.Early founder of Virgina Colony, Jamestown
. Pilgrim separatist
. “THE GENERAL HISTORIE OF VIRGINIA, NEW ENGLAND, AND THE SUMMER ISLES”
WILLIAM BRADFORD
Plymouth Pilgrim Separatist.
first Governor of Plymouth colony
“OF PLYMOUTH PLANTATION”
JOHN WINTHROP
Massachusetts Bay Puritan
“THE HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND”
“A MODEL OF CHRISTAIN CHARITY”
The first book published in the English colonies
The bay psalm book
Cotton Mather
Leader of the Salem witch trials
“MAGNOLIA CHRISTI”
Jonathan Edwards
Is admiration for nature/ natural science influenced Emerson Hawthorne and Melville and Whitman
Puritan
” PERSONAL NARRATIVE” ( A spiritual autobiography)
“SINNERS IN HANDS OF AN ANGRY GOD”
Anne Bradstreet
First published writer of the colonies
puritan
” AUTHOR TO HER BOOK OF POEMS
“TO MY DEAR HUSBAND” ( “If two were ever one then surely we…”)
“TENTH MUSE”
PILGRIMS
. Early European settlers of the Plymouth Colony
. Believed similarly as the Puritan Calvinists, except they insisted on being separate from the church of England
. First were in the holland and they form a colony in America: Jamestown, Virginia.
MARY ROWLANDSON
“THE NARRATIVE OF THE CAPTIVITY AND RESTORATION OF MARY ROWLANDSON”
EDWARD TAYLOR
wrote with conceits/metaphysical style
medical doctor and pastor
“PREPARATORY MEDITATIONS”
“HUSWIFERY” (‘…Make me, o Lord, thy spinning wheele complete…”)
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN
“The Way to Wealth”
JOHN TRUMBULL
“M’ FINGAL” (“ When yankis skill’d in martial rule…”)
Phillis Wheatly
.First important black writer
” ON BEING BROUGHT FROM AFRICA” (“twas mercy brought me from my pagan land…”)
ROGER WILLIAMS
a puritan who founded the colony of Rhode Island
ALVAR NUNEZ CABEZA DE VACA
“NAUFRAGIOS”- SHIPWRECKS
SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN
pioneer of the new france ( Canada)
“Des Sauvages”
Thomas Harriot
“BRIEF AND FREE REPORT OF THE NEW FOUNDLAND OF VIRGINIA
SAMSON OCCON
A Mohegan native American
“A SHORT NARRATIVE OF MY LIFE”
THOMAS PAINE (Quaker)
“COMMON SENSE”
“THE RIGHTS OF MAN”
“THE AGE OF REASON”
a pamphlet of the desire for the colonies to declare independence
THE FEDERALIST PAPERS
alexander hamilton
James madison
John Jay
” To the people of the state of New York”
WASHINGTON IRVING
The first of the romantic writers ( molding national literature)
RIP VAN WINKLE
LEGEND OF SLEEPY HOLLOW
SALMAGUNDI ( the name GOTHAM for NYC is coined)
A HISTORY OF NEW YORK ( HIS ALIAS -KNICKERBOCKER)
JAMES FENIMORE COOPER
THE LEATHER STOCKINGS SERIES ( Natty Bumpp is the main character in each)
a) THE DEERSLAYER
b)
THOMAS BANG THORPE
.antebellum writer
THE BIG BEAR OF ARKANSAS ( character Jim Doggett)
THE MASTER’S HOUSE
THE FIRESIDE POETS
. aka Household poets/Schoolroom Poets
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow William Cullen Bryant John Greenleaf Whittier James Russell Lowell Oliver Wendell Holmes
William Cullen Bryant
Fireside poet
“Thanatopsis”
…Yet not to thine eternal resting-place
Shalt thou retire alone, nor couldst thou wish Couch more magnificent. Thou shalt lie down With patriarchs of the infant world—with kings, The powerful of the earth—the wise, the good, Fair forms, and hoary seers of ages past,
All in one mighty sepulchre
Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.
Fireside Poet
“Daily Trials By a Sensitive Man”
…Storms, thunders, waves!
Howl, crash, and bellow till ye get your fill; Ye sometimes rest; men never can be still But in their graves.
John Greenleaf Whittier
Fireside Poet
“Flowers in Winter”
How strange to greet, this frosty morn,
In graceful counterfeit of flower,
These children of the meadows, born
Of sunshine and of showers!
Romanticism
characteristics of Romanticism include supremacy of the individual, feeling, thought and solitude, affinity to nature and the country (reflection and non-urbanism) and personal expression and emotion over collectivism and reason.
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Transcendentalist
.”The Divinity School Address”
.” Concord Hymn” ( “…The shot heard around the world”) ( commemorating the obelisk on an early American Revolution battle
.”Boston Hymn” ( Commemorated the emancipation proclamation)
“The Oversoul”
“Self Reliance”
Transcendentalism
• A movement within Romanticism spearheaded by Ralph Waldo Emerson
• Influenced by Immanuel Kant (German) and Samuel Taylor Coleridge (English)
It was about how individuals should “move beyond” collective thought found in dogmas and doctrines and look within themselves for spirituality.
• The connection with the divine in nature, individual reflection and non-attachment are important. the divine in all things. trust the intuition above all
• Non-conformity, reliance on intuition, autonomy of individual spirit and the fomentation of creativity
The perils of collective reason and restrictions of institutional falsities
transcendentalist
Emerson
Thoreau,
Margaret Fuller
Bronson Alcott.
Margaret Fuller
editor of the Dial
Woman in the Nineteenth Century (1845)
Henry David Thoreau
Walden
Civil Disobedience
“At the same time that we are earnest to explore and learn all things, we require that all things be mysterious and unexplorable, that land and sea be indefinitely wild, unsurveyed and unfathomed by us because unfathomable
“I learned this, at least, by my experiment: that if one advances confidently in the direction of his dreams, and endeavors to live the life which he has imagined, he will meet with a success unexpected in common hours.”
Walden, Thoreau
“If the injustice is part of the necessary friction of the machine of government, let it go, let it go…if it is of such a nature that it requires you to be the agent of injustice to another, then, I say, break the law. Let your life be a counter friction to stop the machine.”
Civil Disobedience
John Greenleaf Whittier
Fireside Poet
a Quaker
anti-slavery
“Song of the Negro Boatman”
“Snow-Bound”
“The Eternal Goodness”
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
the first American version of Dante’s The Divine Comedy. The Song of Hiawatha (1855) “Paul Revere’s Ride Evangeline (1847) The Courtship of Miles Slander
Nathaniel Hawthorne
Twice- Told Tales The Scarlet Letter The House of Seven Gables (1851) The Blithedale Romance The Marble Faun YOUNG GOODMAN BROWN
SCARLET LETTER
Nathaniel Hawthorne
Hester Prynne Pearl Roger Chillingworth Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale Governor Bellingham
THE HOUSE OF SEVEN GABLES
Nathaniel Hawthorne
Hepzibah Pyncheon Clifford Pyncheon Judge Jaffrey Pyncheon Holgrave Matthew Maule
Goodman Brown
Nathaniel Hawthorne
Goodman Brown FAITH The Old Man/Devil Goody Cloyse The Minister
Edgar Allan Poe
“The Raven” “The Cask of Amontillado” “The Tell-Tale Heart” “The Fall of the House of Usher” “The Murders in the Rue Morgue” “The Black Cat” “The Pit and the Pendulum”
“The Murders in the Rue Morgue”
Auguste Dupin
Madam L’espanage
Madam camille
Adolphe Le bon
“The Cask of Amontillado”
Fortunato
Montresor
“The Fall of the House of Usher”
Roderick
Madeleine
Herman Melville
“Typee” (Tommo)
Moby Dick ( Ahab, Ishmael, Pequod -the ship)
“Bartleby, the Scrivener” (“I would prefer not to”)
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Frederick Douglass
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass
Walt Whitman
Leaves of Grass
“A Song to Myself”
“We Two How long were we fooled”
“Captain !My Captain”
Frances Ellen Watkins
“Eliza Harris”
Kate Chopin
The Awakening
“Désirée’s Baby”
Emily Dickinson
Because I could not stop for Death
A Bird, came down the Walk
Joseph Kirkland
Zury: The Meanest Man in Spring County
Rebecca Harding Davis
Life in the Iron-Mills
Horatio Alger, Jr.
Ragged Dick
(Bildungsroman (German for a “coming of age novel”
Mark Twain
Tom Sawyer (1876) Huckleberry Finn (1885) The Jumpin Frog...County The Gilded Age The Prince and the Pauper
Tom Sawyer (1876)
Injun Joe
Joe Harper
Aunt Polly
Becky thatcher
Huckleberry Finn (1885)
Jim Widow Douglas Duke and Dauphin Miss Watson Pap
The Jumpin Frog…Count
Jim Smiley
Dan’l Webster( his jumping frog)
The Gilded Age
Lara Hawkins
Phillip sterling
Ruth Bolton
Colonel Sellers
The Prince and the Pauper
Tim Canty
Prince Edwards
William Dean Howells
Realist
“Editha”
The Rise of Silas Lapham
A Counterfeit Presentment
A Counterfeit Presentment
William Dean Howells
Constance
General Wyatt
Cummings
bartlett
The Rise of Silas Lapham
William Dean Howells
Silas Penelope Irene Persis Bromfield
Ambrose Bierce
The Devil's Dictionary "The Death of Halpin Frayser” "The Moonlit "Chickamauga” The occurence at owk creek (peyton farquhar)
Henry James
Daisy Miller
The Portrait of a Lady
The Turn of the Screw
The art of Fiction (the author should be absent from the work and be objective)
Daisy Miller
Henry James
Giovanelli
Eugenio
Mrs Costello
Roman fever
The Turn of the Screw
Henry James
Flora Miles Mrs Grosse Peter Quint Miss Jessell
The art of Fiction
Henry James
“A novel is in its broadest definition a personal impression of life…”
Sarah Orne Jewett
A Country of the Pointed Firs
“A White Heron”
The Awakening
Kate Chopin
Edna Pontellier Leonce Robert lebum Adele Ratignolle Alcee Arobin
Booker T. Washington
Up from Slavery Progress for both the African American and the White (communities requires cooperation in developing commercial and industrial opportunities.)
Tuskegee and Its People
The Story of the Negro (1909)
Charles W. Chesnutt
The Conjure Woman
The House Behind the Cedars
The Passing of Grandison” from The Wife of His Youth and Other Stories of the Color-Line
Charlotte Perkins Gilman
“The Yellow Wallpaper”
Hamlin Garland
Main- Travelled Roads (1891)
Prairie Folks (1892)
Middle Border in 1917
Edith Wharton
House of Mirth
The Age of Innocence
Ethan Frome
W.E.B. Du Bois
The Souls of Black Folk (A demand for politcal, civic, and educational equality)
The Crisis
double-consciousness
Edwin Arlington Robinson
naturalist
Merlin Tristam “Richard Cory” “The Mill” “Haunted House” “Mr. Flood's Party”, “Maya”, “Miniver Cheevy”
Theodore Dreiser
naturalist
Many of his novels take place in Chicago
Sister Carrie (1900
An American Tragedy
1925)
Steven Crane
naturalist
Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (1893)
The Red Badge of Courage ( henry fleming, Jim Conklin, the tattered soldier, the lieutenant)
“Black Riders Came from the Sea”
The Open Boat (Nature, though seemingly hostile, is actually indifferent to human beings)
The Bridge comes to yellow sky ( sheriff jack potter, scratchy)
Paul Lawrence Dunbar
One of the first African- American writers to have a reputation abroad
In Dahomey (1903) (was the first African- American musical on Broadway.)
“The Debt”
“When Malindy Sings”
Willa Cather
She writes about the experience of people (women) in the American frontier
O Pioneers!
One of Ours
My Ántonia
Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (1893)
Steven Crane ( a naturalist)
Jimmie Mary Pete Nellie Tommy Mrs smith
Jack London
the call of the wild
White Fang
Louisa May Alcott
Little Women
Susan Glaspell
Trifles (1916) Alison’s House The Morning is Near Us (1939); Norma Ashe (1942); Judd Rankin's Daughter (1945).
Eugene O’Neill
Father of American drama”.
The Hairy Ape
Long Day’s Journey into Night (1940)(The Tyrone family: James, Edmunds, mary)
The Iceman Cometh (1946)
Beyond the Horizon (1920),
Strange Interlude (1928),
Ah! Wilderness (1933),
Elmer Rice (1892 –1967)
Street Scene (1929) The Adding Machine Dream Girl (1945)
Gertrude Stein
The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas
Brewsie and Willie
Tender Buttons: Objects, Food and Rooms
Sherwood Anderson
Dark Laughter
Winesburg, Ohio
Katherine Anne Porter
Pale Horse, Pale Rider (1939);
The Leaning Tower and Other Stories (1944)
“The Jilting of Granny Weatherall”
Zora Neale Hurston
Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937) (Janie Crawford)
Jonah’s Gourd Vine
Mules and Men (1935)
Nella Larsen
writer of the Harlem Renaissance
Quicksand (1928)
Passing (1929)
F. Scott Fitzgerald
The Great Gatsby (1925)
This Side of Paradise( Armory Blaine’s quest to find himself: Rosalind Connerge, Beatrice Blaine)
The Curious Case of Benjamin Button”
Tender is the Night
The Great Gatsby
Nick Carraway Daisy Buchanan Tom Myrtle Wilson Jay Gatsby
William Faulkner
known for his fictional county in Mississippi, Yoknapatawpha.
The Sound and the Fury (1929) ( Compson family: Jason, Caroline, Quetin)
Absalom, Absalom! (1936)
The Big Sleep ( about blackmail) (General Sherwood,Vivien, Carmen)
Ernest Hemingway
A Farewell to Arms (1929) (Frederic, an American soldier, and Catherine, a British nurse)
Green Hills of Africa
In Our Time
Men Without Women
The Sun Also Rises
For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940)( about the International Brigades.)(Robert Jordan, an American who is assigned to set dynamite under a bridge during an attack on Segovia.)
The Old Man and the Sea (Santiago, who fights with a giant marlin far off the coast of Florida.
John Steinbeck
East of Eden
Of Mice and Men
The Grapes of Wrath (The joads)
Richard Wright
Native Son (Bigger Thomas)
James Weldon Johnson
of the Harlem Renaissance
“Lift Ev’ry Voice and Sing,”
The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man (1912/1927), God’s Trombones (1927)
Robert Frost (1874-1963)
“Mending Wall”
“Out, Out” (based on macbeth)
“Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening” (And miles to go before I sleep,
And miles to go before I sleep.)
Amy Lowell
A Dome of Many- Coloured Glass (1912); Sword Blades and Poppy Seeds (1914); Men, women and Ghosts (1916); Pictures of the Floating World (1919); What’s O’Clock (1925)
Carl Sandburg (chicago regionalist)
“Washerwoman”
Wallace Stevens
Harmonium (1923)
"Anecdote of the Jar,” "The Emperor of Ice-Cream," "The Idea of Order at Key West," "Sunday Morning, " "The Snow Man," and "Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird,” “Of Modern Poetry”
William Carlos Williams
imagist
“The Red Wheelbarrow”
Paterson (1963)
Spring and All (1923),
The Desert Music and Other Poems (1954
This Is Just To
Say”
Ezra Pound
imagists/vorticism
The Cantos (1917–1969
“In a Station of the
Metro”
the river merchants wife
Ripostes (1912),
Hugh Selwyn Mauberley (1920)
H. D. (Hilda Doolittle)
imagists
Sea Garden The Walls Do Not Fall (1944), Tribute to the Angels (1945) The Flowering of the Rod (1946). “Eurydice”
Marianne Moore
“Poetry”
T.S. Eliot
Founded the literary journal, Criterion
“The Wasteland” (April is the cruelest month…)
“The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” ( influenced by Dante)
“Tradition and the Individual Talent”
Murder in the Cathedral (1935),
The Family Reunion (1939)
Four Quartets (1943)
Claude McKay
jamaican
Home to Harlem
“The Harlem Dancer”,
“If We Must Die”.
Here is “America”
Edna St. Vincent Millay
wrote sonnets
“I Think I Should Have Loved You Presently”,
“I, Being Born Woman
Distressed”
“First Fig”
e e cummings
“in Just-”,(“when the world is mud…)
Tulips and Chimneys in 1923, “Buffalo Bill’s”, “Since Feeling is First”, “l(a”, “i sing of Olaf glad and big”, “in Just-”, “may i feel said he”, “anyone lived in a pretty how town”, “i carry your heart with me”
Jean Toomer
Harlem Renaissance Cane (1923) “Blood-Burning Moon”, Seventh Street” “Portrait in Georgia”
Hart Crane
The Bridge (1930 about the Brooklyn Bridge)
“The Broken Tower”
“Chaplinesque”
Sterling Brown
Harlem Renaissance
He wrote about the African American rural experience, unlike many of his contemporaries who focused on urban themes
Southern Road (1932) The Negro in American Fiction (1937) Negro Poetry and Drama (1937). “Southern Road” “Tin Roof Blues” “Master and Man” “Riverbank Blues”
Langston Hughes
Harlem Renaissance
“jazz poet”
The Weary Blues (1926)
Montage of a Dream Deferred (1951)
Countee Cullen
Harlem Renaissance
Color (1925) “Yet Do I Marvel”, “Heritage” “I Have a Rendezvous With Life" “To A Brown Boy”:
House of Mirth
Lily Bart Lawrence Selden Bertha Dorset Gerty Farish Simon Rosedale
The Age of Innocence
Newland Archer
Countess Ellen Olenska
May Welland
Mrs. Manson Mingott
John Kendrick Bangs
The bicyclers and three other farces
Sinclair Lewis
Babbit ( a real estate agent and social climber)
Eudora Welty
southern regionalist
“Why I Live at the P.O.”
Ralph Ellison
African American
Invisible Man
Bernard Malamud
Jewish perspective
The Natural (1952) “The First Seven Years”
Saul Bellow
Jewish American writer
The Adventures of Augie March (1953),( coming of age story of a boy in chicago)
Henderson the Rain King (1959), (middle age man goes to Africa)
Jack Kerouac
Father of the Beat Generation
On the Road
Joseph Heller
Catch-22
James Baldwin
Notes of a Native Son
“Sonny’s Blues”
Go tell it on the mountain
The Fire Next time
Flannery O’Connor
A Good Man Is Hard to Find (1955)
Everything That Rises Must Converge
“The Life You Save May Be Your Own”
“Good Country People”
Harper Lee
Wrote To Kill a Mockingbird
Toni Morrison
The Bluest Eye
Beloved
The song of solomon
John Updike
A muck racker
“Rabbit
the jungle
Theodore Roethke
The Waking (1953)
“Cuttings”
“Elegy for Jane”
John Berryman
A confessional poet
The Dream Songs
77 Dream Songs (1964)
His Toy, His Dream, His Rest (1968).
Robert Lowell
A confessional poet
Formalists
Life Studies
For the Union Dead
Allen Ginsburg
Beat Generation.
“Howl”
Anne Sexton
A confessional poet
“Her Kind”
Sylvia Plath
confessional poet
The Colossus and Other Poems (1960)
Ariel (1965),
The Bell Jar (1963).
“Daddy”
Adrienne Rich
Post-confessional poetry, personal poetry with a universal appeal
Tennesse Williams
The Glass Menagerie
A Street Car Named Desire
Arthur Miller
All of My Sons
The Crucible( john proctor, Abigail Williams, Reverend Hale, Giles coray)
Death of a Salesman (Willy Loman)
a view from the bridge
Thomas Wolfe
Asheville ( Altamont Catawba)
Look homeward bound(Eugene grant)
Robert Penn Warren
All the Kings men
Betty Freidman
The feminine mystique
John Barth
the floating opera ( about a lawyer who uses loop holes to win) ( todd Andrews, Jane mark, captain osborn
John Gardener
The A&P
Grendel
thomas Pynchon
The crying of Lot 49 ( 2 battling post office)
Gravity’s rainbow
Alice Walker
The color purple
Everyday use
Edward Albee
Who is afraid of virginia wolfe
Lorraine Hansberry
a raisin in the sun ( walter younger beneatha, Lena, Travis, Joseph)
Amy Tan
The Joy Luck Club
J.D. Salinger
A catcher in the rye
Vladimir Nobakhov
Pruin
