America 1960s Civil Rights

Question 1

list 5 ways black people experienced racism in the early 1950s

Answer 1

1. jim crow laws
2. black we’re stopped from registering to vote (only 5% registered in mississippi)
3. inequality in education
4. inequality in the work place
5. not equal in the eyes of the law (black people convicted more)

Question 2

which civil rights campaign challenged inequality in education in 1954?

Answer 2

NAACP

Question 3

what case did the NAACP use to challenge the board of education? what was the case known as?

Answer 3

Linda Brown case/Brown vs Board of education: linda had to travel many kms to school each day and cross dangerous risk tracks instead of just going to the nearby white school.

Question 4

what year was the brown vs board case?

Answer 4

1954

Question 5

what did the supreme court rule in the brown vs board case?

Answer 5

chris justice earl warren ruled that segregation in education was unconstitutional and was not equal.

Question 6

what did chief justice earl warren say must happen after the brown vs board case?

Answer 6

he ordered the southern states to set up integrated school ‘with all deliberate speed’.

Question 7

list 2 achievements of the brown vs board case

Answer 7

1. segregation in education was ruled unconstitutional

2. southern states were ordered to integrate schools

Question 8

list 2 failures of the brown cast board case

Answer 8

1. southern schools opposed the integration of education

2. by 1968, 58% of black children were still educated in segregated schools

Question 9

in what year were the significant events in little rock high school?

Answer 9

1957

Question 10

what happened in little rock high school in 1957? list three stages

Answer 10

1. in 1957, the supreme court ordered 9 black students to attend little rock.
2. ORVAL FAUBUS ordered state troops to prevent the black students from entering the school
3. EISENHOWER sent federal troops to protect the students and ensure they attended. the students were confronted and abused my 1000-strong crowds

Question 11

when was the montgomery bus boycott?

Answer 11

1955-56

Question 12

who initially challenged the bus segregation in montgomery? in what year?

Answer 12

rosa parks - 1955

Question 13

how did rosa parks challenge the montgomery buses and in what year? what were the consequences?

Answer 13

1955 - she refused to give up her seat to a white man. she was arrested, convicted and taken to court.

Question 14

what association was set up to help challenge the segregation of buses in montgomery?

Answer 14

the montgomery improvement association

MIA

Question 15

how did the MIA protest against segregated buses?

Answer 15

they boycotted buses

Question 16

list 2 pieces of evidence which show the MIA’s boycotting was popular.

Answer 16

1. on the first day of boycotting, the buses were empty

2. the bus company lost 65% of its income during the boycott

Question 17

give 3 pieces of evidence of people opposing the bus boycotts in montgomery.

Answer 17

1. martin luther king was arrested twice because of it
2. integrated buses were shot at
3. black churches and homes were set on fire.

Question 18

what was the outcome of the rosa parks protest and the montgomery bus boycott?

Answer 18

in december 1956 the supreme court declared that segregation on buses was unconstitutional

Question 19

give an achievement of the montgomery bus boycott

Answer 19

segregation on buses and all transport was declared unconstitutional by the supreme court and some bus services in the south began to be integrated

Question 20

give one failure of the montgomery bus boycott

Answer 20

many us states did not obey the ruling that segregation on transport was unconstitutional

Question 21

what types of protest did civil rights campaigners use in the early 1960s?

Answer 21

non-violent direct action

Question 22

which three organisations used non-violence?

Answer 22

1. southern christian leadership conference (SCLC led by MLK)
2. student non-violent coordinating committee (SNCC)
3. congress of racial equality (CORE)

Question 23

what was the main method of protest used by the SNCC?

Answer 23

sit ins

Question 24

describe the sit ins organised by the SNCC

Answer 24

between february and december 1960, students sat in white only seats at restaurants in North Carolina. they refused to leave the restaurants until they were served.

Question 25

name an achievement of the SNCC’s sit ins

Answer 25

by the end of 1960, lunch counters had been desegregated in 126 cities

Question 26

what was the main method used by CORE?

Answer 26

freedom rides on interstate bus services

Question 27

describe the freedom rides organised by CORE

Answer 27

CORE aimed to test the supreme court ruling that the segregation of transport was unconstitutional. in may 1961, freedom riders rode on buses from northern to southern states where segregation on transport remained.

Question 28

name 2 achievements of CORE’s freedom rides

Answer 28

1. KENNEDY supported them and sent federal troops to protect them
2. in november 1961 a law desegregating intestate transport was enforced

Question 29

how did people respond to freedom rides?

Answer 29

when a bus with 13 black and white SNCC and CORE members arrived in alabama, a white mob attacked and bombed the bus. POLICE CHIEF BULL CONNOR did little to protect them.

Question 30

what was the main method of the SCLC?

Answer 30

marches to put pressure on the us government and bring publicity to the civil rights movement

Question 31

describe two marches carried out by the SCLC?

Answer 31

1. in 1963, in birmingham alabama, a peaceful march was organised through the city. this was the worst place for racism. this march was intended to provoke trouble.
2. in august 1963, a march was organised on washington. over 200,000 black people and 50,000 whites attended. MLK gave his ‘i have a dream speech’

Question 32

what was an achievement of the SCLC?

Answer 32

the marches helped persuade the government to pass the civil rights act of 1964

Question 33

why did the black power movement emerge in the last 1960s?

Answer 33

1. non violent protest was criticised of being too slow.
2. the civil rights movement was criticised for not doing enough to solve problems in ghettos in northern cities
3. MLK was criticised for aiming for integration between whites and blacks.

Question 34

list three black power groups and their leaders.

Answer 34

SNCC - stokely carmichael

nation of islam - malcolm X

black panthers - huey newton

Question 35

list 2 achievements of the SNCC in the black power movement

Answer 35

1. set up freedom cities (1966-68) where black people elected police chiefs, school boards and gave them greater control over their communities
2. demonstrated the importance of black culture. the afro hair style became of iconic of black identity and beauty

Question 36

name one achieve of the nation of islam

Answer 36

created for businesses like restaurants, bakeries and supermarkets which gave black people job opportunities in the ghettos.

Question 37

name 4 achievements of the black panther group

Answer 37

1. tried to stop police brutality towards blacks by setting up streets patrols.
2. set up free clinics in ghettos for healthcare and legal rights. by 1974 the clinics were treating 200,000 people a year.
3. free breakfast programme which fed 10,000 black children everyday
4. liberation schools to provide literacy and numeracy to children and adults. also black history classes were taught to inspire black pride.

Question 38

name 4 four aims of the black power movement

Answer 38

1. improve education, living and working conditions in ghettos in the north
2. to provide black services so the black community could rely on themselves.
3. give blacks people empowerment to fight for their own rights and more control over their communities
4. self defence against brutality

Question 39

what caused a series of riots to break out in black ghettos in the mid 1960s?

Answer 39

poverty and bad housing

lack of education and work opportunities

lack of welfare

Question 40

under which american president were most civil rights laws passed?

Answer 40

lyndon B johnson (LBJ)

Question 41

what did the civil rights act state and in what year was it passed?

Answer 41

1964 - outlawed segregation and gave the government power to enforce segregation. discrimination in public and work places was illegal.

Question 42

what impact did the civil rights movement Have on black Americans?

Answer 42

1. By 1965, 53 cities had been desegregated across the south.
2. by 1968, black unemployment was 7%, compared to white unemployment which was 5%. Not much of a difference there.

Question 43

what did the voting rights act state and in what year was it passed?

Answer 43

1965 – it gave the government the power to inspect voting procedures to make sure that black people were able to vote. It ended literacy tests.

Question 44

What in packed did the voting rights act have on black Americans?

Answer 44

1. After 1965, black mayors Had been elected to 5 major US cities.
2. By 1966, only four southern states had less than 50% of the black citizens registered to vote.

Question 45

What did the education act states and in what year was it passed?

Answer 45

1965 - encouraged teachers to work in poorer areas and used government funding to provide all children with fair and equal opportunities.

Question 46

give 2 impacts of the education act

Answer 46

1. by the end of the 60s, the percentage of black students which a diploma went from 40% to 60%
2. four times as many black students attended college or uni during the late 60s.

Question 47

when was the second civil rights act and what did it state?

Answer 47

1968 - made it illegal to discriminate against blacks when selling and renting houses

Question 48

what were the limitation of the civil rights act of 1968?

Answer 48

the government had no power to enforce the law.

Question 49

name 5 limitation of all the civil rights laws passed in the 1960s

Answer 49

1. police brutality continued
2. by 1968 58% of black students remained in segregated schools
3. by 1966 four southern states still had less than 50% of their black population voting
4. in 1977, discrimination was still in 21% of housing transactions and poor black people lived in substandard housing
5. attitudes were slow to change. in 1967 52% of american whites said that integration was happening too fast.