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History > America 1930s > Flashcards

America 1930s Flashcards

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1
Q

name 4 key consequences of the crash

A

banking crisis
industrial decline
unemployment
homelessness

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2
Q

in what year did hundreds of banks collapse?

A

hundreds of banks collapsed in 1929

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3
Q

give two social impacts of the banking crisis

A

people lost confidence in banks so they withdrew their savings

millions of people lost saving they’d invested

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4
Q

how many banks, including which major bank, had collapsed by 1932?

A

5,000 banks had collapsed by 1932 including the Bank of the United States

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5
Q

what proportion of new yorkers were invested in the bank of the US?

A

1/3 of new yorkers

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6
Q

how many cars were sold in 1929 compared to 1932?

A

4.5 million in 1929

1 million in 1932

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7
Q

why did industry decline? include three major points

A

people lost money so had less to spend
this meant companies didn’t get money from consumers
they produced less

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8
Q

why did many people become unemployed?

A

companies were losing money and couldn’t borrow from banks so they couldn’t afford to pay workers and so they had to let people go/reduce wages

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9
Q

how many americans were unemployed during the depression?

A

14 million americans - 25% of the adult population

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10
Q

what percent did wages fall by?

A

60%

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11
Q

what was set up for the homeless and unemployed?

A

soup kitchens

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12
Q

in 1932, how many americans had their homes repossessed?

A

250,000

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13
Q

where did homeless people stay? what were they called and what did thy cover themselves with?

A

hoovervilles - shanty towns in public parks with shacks made with scrap material.
hooverblankets - newspaper sheets used as blankets

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14
Q

give three reasons why farmers struggled in the 1930s

A

over farming
drought
dust bowl

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15
Q

what proportion of farmers lost their land?

A

1/5

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16
Q

what were the nicknames given to oklahoma and arkansas farmers and where did they go to find work?

A

okies and arkies went to california to find labour doing fruit picking

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17
Q

name 3 things hoover did that gave him the name ‘do nothing president’.

A
  • only pleaded with employers not to sack workers
  • didn’t believe the government should pay unemployment money
  • most of his programmes weren’t big enough to make a difference
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18
Q

what did hoover introduce and how did it affect tariffs? how did other countries react?

A

Hawley Smoot Tariff - raised tariffs on imported goods - meant other countries raised their own tariffs making it hard for USA to export and sell good abroad.

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19
Q

in 1932, how many bonus marchers arrived at washington dc? what did they demand?

A

25,000 WW1 vets demanded their bonus of $500

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20
Q

give 3 ways hoover reacted to the bonus marchers

A

refused to see them

ordered an army to attack them

he claimed they were communists or criminals and the public were outraged

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21
Q

list four reasons why hoover was a do good president

A
  • cut taxes by $160 million
  • asked congress to give him $423 million for public works programmes
  • set up the Reconstruction Finance Comission to give loans to troubled businesses
  • he encouraged states and cities to set up public works programmes for unemployed
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22
Q

give five reasons why roosevelt won the 1932 election

A
  • previously worked for new york and used taxes to create work
  • was a democrat - believed in an active government
  • promised great things eg new deal
  • ran an energetic campaign - went on a grand train tour, 16 major speeches
  • sought advice from factory owners and economists
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23
Q

how many votes did roosevelt get in the 1932 election?

A

7 million - landslide win

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24
Q

when we’re roosevelt’s hundred days/first new deal?

A

march-june 1933 my bday to lottie’s bday

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25
Q

name 8 alphabet agencies roosevelt set up during the first new deal

A
  1. emergency baking act
  2. securities exchange commission
  3. agricultural adjustment act AAA
  4. civilian conservation corps CCC
  5. federal emergency relief administration FERA
  6. national recovery administration NRA
  7. public works administration PWA
  8. tennessee valley authority TVA
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26
Q

how did the emergency banking act and securities exchange commission help the banking crisis?

A

EBA - closed all banks till they were checked - 5,000 bakes reopened

SEC - companies issuing shares were forced to provide full info of of their company to the public. restored public confidence in banks so they start investing.

27
Q

what did the AAA do for farmers?

A

the AAA:

  • gradually forced prices up
  • reduced production by destroyed surplus crops
  • modernised farming methods to protect soil
  • poor farmers recieved help with mortgages
28
Q

what did the CCC and FERA do for the unemployed?

A

CCC - government provided work for unemployed men doing environmental projects. signed for 6months and could renew it after that time.

FERA - meeting urgent needs of the poor by getting federal money and giving it to state and local governments to help the poor

29
Q

what did the NRA do for industries?

A

NRA:

  • partnership between government and industry
  • encourages improved working conditions
  • outlawed child labour
  • set fair wages
  • set sensible levels of production
  • companies which joined received a blue eagle as a symbol of presidential approval.
30
Q

what did the PWA do for industry?

A

used unemployed skilled industrial workers on large scale public construction projects like building schools, roads, dams, bridges etc

31
Q

what and where was tennessee valley?

A

tennessee valley was a deprived area that reached across 7 states

32
Q

how did the TVA help depressed areas?

A

helped the tennessee valley which flooded during wet seasons and dries up the land (dust bowl in dry seasons).
TVA built dams on tennessee river to help irrigate the dried out lands
provided electricity for the area.
provided jobs from building the dams.

33
Q

name the four agencies of the second new deal

A

wagner act
social security act
works progress administration
resettlement administration

34
Q

what did the wagner act do?

A

forced employers to allow trade unions to work in their companies. made it illegal to sack workers for being in a union.

35
Q

what did the social security act do?

A

provided state pensions for elderly and widows.

set up unemployed insurance - workers paid a fund in each week then would receive benefits if they became unemployed.

36
Q

what did the workers progress administration do?

A

created jobs for unemployed office workers, artists, actors and photographers.

37
Q

what did the resettlement administration do?

A

helped small scale farmers with loans and re-housing

moved 500,000 families to better homes.

38
Q

name 3 people who thought the new deal didn’t do enough

A

huey long
francis townsend
father coughlin

39
Q

what did huey long do?

A

launched “share our wealth” programme. all personal wealth reduced to $3million and Max income was $1million.
pensions for everyone over 60.
free washing machines and radios

40
Q

what did francis townsend want?

A

$200 pensión for over 60s on the condition the spent it to stimulate the economy.

41
Q

what did father coughlin do and how did he criticise FDR?

A

he criticised FDR using radio shows, saying he was too friendly to bankers.
he wanted nationalisation of major industries and greater working rights.

42
Q

during the first new deal, how did FDR communicate to the public?

A

fireside chats - radio

43
Q

who thought FDR was doing too much and why?

A

republicans and businessmen:

  • having too many codes that restricted business
  • encouraging laziness and giving people money for unnecessary jobs
  • he was behaving like a dictator
  • his plans were too similar to those of communist USSR.
44
Q

what did the supreme court think of the new deal?

A

they were dominated by republicans who opposed te new deal.

ruled the NRA and AAA unconstitutional

45
Q

what did FDR threaten to do to the supreme court and how did people react?

A

he threatened to add 6 supreme court judges in 1936 who would favour him.
he was then criticised for acting like a dictator.

46
Q

how was the economy stabilised by the new deal?

A

restored public confidence
stock market strengthened and regulated
stabilised banking system

47
Q

by how much did farmers incomes rise between 1932 and 1936?

A

50%

48
Q

how many farming families moved to better homes?

A

500,000

49
Q

how many jobs did the CCC create?

A

2.5 million

50
Q

how many jobs did the PWA create?

A

4 million

51
Q

how did the NRA and wagner act help industry?

A

improved workers rights, pay and conditions in big organisations

52
Q

how did the TVA improve depressed areas?

A

provided fertile land and electricity

provided thousands of jobs in deprived areas

53
Q

how many african americans benefitted from the CCC?

A

200,000

54
Q

name two women who achieved powerful positions during the new deal.

A

Francs Perkins - secretary for labour

Mary Bethune - headed national youth administration

55
Q

name three overall successes of the new deal.

A
  • reduced unemployment
  • protected democracy and didn’t turn extremist like germany
  • made usa a fairer society
56
Q

name 2 ways the economy failed from the new deal.

A

us economy took longer to recover than other countries

when FDR cut new deal funding in 1937, economy began to decline again.

57
Q

how did the AAA not help farmers?

A

modernisation of farming put poorer, low key farmers out of business - they were no longer needed

58
Q

give two ways the unemployed didn’t benefit from the new deal

A
  • still 6million unemployed and WW2 ended unemployment

- new deal jobs weren’t ‘real’ and relied on new deal funding

59
Q

why didn’t african americans benefit from the new deal?

A

30% of african americans we’re still dependent on emergency relief.

fdr failed to pass anti lynching laws

new deal agencies discriminated and prioritised white men for jobs.

60
Q

how did women not benefit from the new deal?

A

new deal programmes were aimed at giving men jobs not women

61
Q

by 1939 how many homes owned a radio?

A

28 million

62
Q

what did owning more cars in the 30s mean for opportunities of society?

A

more cars meant people could travel to cinemas, sports venues and shopping centres.

63
Q

how did sport increase popular culture in the 30s?

A

people travelled to watch baseball games

some stadium gave free admission to women.

64
Q

why was cinema popular in the 30s?

A

talkies came out

they reflected the hard times of the depression so we’re relatable.

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