America 1920-1973 Flashcards
What policies helped make America wealthier during the 1920’s?
Republican policies
What made American companies very rich during World War One?
Exporting weapons and food to Europe
By what year were American companies very rich by exporting weapons and food to Europe in World War One?
1918
What economic issue happened after World War One?
A depression
Why did a depression happened after World War One?
Businesses contracted
Turned into peaceful production
What does opportunity mean?
A good position, chance or prospect for advancement or success
What does inequality mean?
Condition of being unequal in social, economic or political grounds. Not having the same opportunities as others
How many men died in the First World War?
100,000 men
What was the Treaty of Versailles?
Peace agreement
When was the Treaty of Versailles signed?
June 1919
How much influence did the USA have in the Treaty of Versailles on decisions made?
Big influence
What is a referendum?
Big public vote
When did referendum take place in the USA?
After the Treaty of Versailles was signed
Why was there a referendum after the Treaty of Versailles was signed in the USA?
Asked whether the USA shelter the peace-keeping organisation, the League of Nations
What did the public vote in the referendum about joining the League of Nations?
No
Why did the public vote ‘no’ in the referendum about joining the League of Nations?
As they did not want to get involved in other countries’ problems
When did the US government ban all alcoholic drinks?
Start of January 1920
Why did the US government ban all alcoholic drinks?
Reaction to rising crime rates
What countries rising crime rates caused the prohibition?
Big northern cities such as Washington and Chicago
What was prohibition?
Ban of all alcoholic drinks
Who introduced the prohibition?
President Woodrow Wilson
Who replaced Woodrow Wilson after the introduction of prohibition?
Warren Harding
Why did Harding replace Wilson as president?
Had policy called ‘America First’
What was the ‘America First’ policy?
Talked about plans to return to normality where America focused on its own problems
What scandal happened in the middle of the 1920’s?
Sacco-Vanzetti immigration scandal
Who were Sacco and Vanzetti?
Italian immigrants
What happened to Sacco and Vanzetti?
Unfairly arrested for the murder of 2 American guards
What US attitude was shown about the Sacco-Vanzetti scandal?
Negative attitude towards foreigners after the First World War
By the end of the 1920’s how many women were employed?
25% to over 10 million women
When did the US government first introduce its immigration laws?
1921
What were the immigration laws?
Put a limit on the amount of people who were allowed to the USA for work
Why did the US government set in place immigration laws?
Though immigrants would take all the America jobs and bring their countries problems with them
When did the USA introduce radio broadcasting?
1921
What was the ‘Ford-McCumber Tariff’?
Tax on foreign goods
When was the ‘Ford-McCumber Tariff’ introduced?
1922
What did the US government hope the ‘Ford-McCumber Tariff’ would do?
Would encourage Americans to but American goods
Why would Americans be encouraged to buy American goods with the ‘Ford-McCumber Tariff’?
It was expensive for Americans to buy goods from abroad
What was the ‘Johnson Read Immigration Act’?
Law reducing down the number of people granted entry into the USA
When was the ‘Johnson Read Immigration Act’ introduced?
1924
How many people did ‘Johnson Read Immigration Act’ allow from each country?
2% of population
When did the lives of housewives change dramatically?
Mid 1920’s
How did housewives lives change?
Invention of machines that did house chores
What Greta inventions made housewives lives easier?
Vacuum cleaner and fridge-freezer
What further immigration laws were introduced in 1929?
Stopped all immigrants from Asia coming to live in the USA
What year did Britain grant the right for women to vote?
1918
What year did the USA grant women the right to vote?
End of 1920
How many years behind Britain was the USA in granting women to vote?
Year and a half
When did new technology become increasingly popular?
End of the 1920’s
How many radios had been purchased from ordinary American families by the end of the 1920’s?
$600 million worth of radios
How many people were flocking to the new cinemas by 1929?
Over 95 million people
How had the new cinemas in the 1929 improved?
Movies with sound
What were the movies with sound commonly called in 1929?
‘Talking pictures ‘
How many American families owned a car by 1930?
23 million
What ratio of families had a car in 1930?
1 in 4 families
How many immigrants arrived in the USA after 1919?
1 million
What countries did immigrants common arrive from after 1919?
Europe
Russia, Italy, Spain, Ireland
What did Woodrow Wilson want after World War One?
To join the League of Nations, this never happened
What happened in the early 1920’s that disturbed the public peace?
Strikes of demonstrations
Protesting
Why were the ‘good times’ beginning for most American in the 1920’s?
New technologies such as microwaves
What did the USA have more of than other countries in the 1920’s?
Motor cars
Who replaced Warren Harding as president?
Calvin Coolidge
What did Coolidge do in American industry?
Protects American businesses
Taxed international companies importing goods into America
What mass developments happened in the 1920’s?
Mass production, mass skyscrappers
What resulted from mass production and skyscrapers in the 1920?
More businesses
What did advertising do for American businesses?
Media of cinema was used to advertise American businesses
What group of people were being terrorised in the 1920?
African-American
Blacks
Who was terrorising African-Americans?
Ku Klux Klan
What group of people didn’t do well in the ‘boom’ in the south in the 1920’s?
Farmers
What happened during the prohibition years?
Law was abused by gangs
What gang was famous for abusing the prohibition law in America?
Capone the Italian mafia
What was the ‘jazz age’?
Blacks have opportunity to better them
What effect did the ‘jazz age’ have?
Brought blacks and white peoples together
What happened on the 24th October 1929?
The ‘Great Depression’ began
Who was president when the ‘Great Depression’ occurred?
Herbert Hoover
What year did Hoover get elected?
1928
What help the US boom in the 1920’s?
Improved technology and government policy
What is laissez-faire?
Leave something alone. In business, the government would not interfere to allow profits to increase
What is the Ku Klux Klan?
A white supremacist organisation
Where was the Ku Klux Klan popular in America?
Southern states of the USA
What is a tariff?
A type of tax charged on imports
What animal represented the Republicans?
An elephant
What animal represented the Democrats?
Donkey
What belief did the Republicans follow?
Laissez-faire
Tariff
Low taxation
What beliefs did Democrats follow?
Preferred to intervene in everyday life if needed
Who was likely to vote for the Republicans?
Rich businesses men
Who was likely to vote for the Democrats?
Ordinary people
Who did the Democrats favoured helping?
People in need e.g poor,elderly
Why did the Republicans follow low taxation?
Workers had more money to spend on American products
What happens if American buy more products?
Increased sales and boosted profits even more
Who benefitted the most short term during the 1920’s?
Businesses men
How were companies effected during the 1920’s?
Profits increased
What resulted from people’s confidence in economy improving?
They bought more goods
Why did the economy grow during the 1920’s?
Increased sales of consumer items
What consumer items had increased sales?
Radios
vacuum cleaners
washing machines
What is mass production?
Making items quickly and on big scale so making them cheaper
What factories were used in mass production?
Purpose-built factories
How were newspapers used to advertise?
Ram adverts persuading people they needed the latest products
What is hire purchase?
Paying in instalments
What is credit?
A kind of loan
What was the real secret of the boom?
Hire purchase and credit
What happened to the wages during the boom?
Increased but not much
How did credit aid in the boom?
People didn’t need the money at the time they wanted to purchase a car or radio
What did American increased confidence in the economy encourage people to invest in?
The stock market
What is the stock market?
The buying and selling of shares in companies
Why did people buy shares in companies?
To get a dividend or sell their share for more profit
What did mass production create more of?
Jobs
Why were jobs create in mass production?
People needed to work on the assembly line
What was the ‘assembly line’ method?
Parts of a product were made an then passed on to the next part of the production
How many products were made from the assembly line?
Churned our millions of products
Who invented the assembly line?
Henry Ford
What did Henry Ford make?
Cars
What was the most important industry in the 1920’s?
Motor industry
When had the motor car industry been developed?
1890
Who built the first cars?
Blacksmiths and other skilled craftmen
Why didn’t many people have cars in 1900?
Long time to make
Very expensive
How many cars were made in 1900?
4000
Who revolutionised car production?
Henry Ford
When did Henry Ford set up the first assembly line?
1913
Where was the first production line set up?
Giant shed in Detroit
What went in the beginning of the assembly line (car production)?
Skeleton car
What came out at the end of the assembly line?
A new car
How many Ford Model T. were made between 1908 and1925?
15 million were produced
What rate did cars come of the production like in 1929?
1 every 10 secs
How many cars were made in 1929?
4.8 million
How many workers were employed directly from the car industry?
Hundreds of thousands
What other industries did the car industry create jobs for?
Glass Steal Leather Rubber Petrol
What percentage of glass production went to the car industry in the 1920’s?
75%
What was the biggest single employer in the 1920’s?
Road construction
What ratio of people had cars in the USA in the 1920’s?
1 to 5 people
What ratio of people had cars in Britain in the 1920’s?
1 in 43
What ratio of people had a car in Russia in the 1920’s?
1 in 7,000
How did cars in the USA further boost house-building?
Cars enabled people to live in suburbs
How much did the Ford 1925 Model T car cost?
$290
Why did farmers struggle during the 1920’s?
Demand for food fell dramatically after World War One
What groups of people were most likely to be unemployed in the 1920’s?
African-Americans
Hispanics
Immigrant groups
How did Laissez-faire approach from the Republicans effect the poor?
Very little help. Believed the situation would sort itself out
Why didn’t some industries benefit from the economic boom?
Those industries were not in demand
Why was hire purchase important during the boom?
Encouraged people to spend more money
Why was the role of government crucial in causing the boom in the 1920’s?
Polices encouraged spending
Why were the 1920’s called ‘the Roaring Twenties’?
Massive so and cultural changes
What consumers goods and services had great changes?
Technology
Music
Dance
Fashion
What did many young people in cities reject?
Traditional values
What could ‘the Roaring Twenties’ suggest about change?
Wind of change was roaring through society
Why did people take part in leisure activities more often in the 1920’s?
More time and money to spend on leisure activities
How much had the average wage rose by in the 1920’s?
11.1 per cent
How much did the average working hours fall by in the 1920’s?
Fell by 5 hours a week
Who particularly experienced the increase wage and decreased hours during the 1920’s?
People in cities
Where in the 1920’s was traditional values still valued?
Rural areas
What did car ownership make the consumers feel?
Greater sense of freedom
In both cities and rural areas
What is the federal system?
Individual states look after their own internal affairs.
Issues that affect all states are dealt with by Congress
What is the constitution?
A Document that details how the government is supposed to operate and what it is allowed to do
Who make up the Congress?
The Senate + The House of Representatives
What is the Congress?
Congress and the President run the country
What is the Supreme Court?
Have the power to decided if a law is unconstitutional
Who make up the Supreme Court?
Judges
What does the Supreme Court do?
Make sure the government does not misuse their power or pass unfair laws
Who makes up the Supreme Court?
Judges
Define unconstitutional
Against the constitution
What was the USA leading in 1914?
Most areas of industry
Why was the USA leading in most industries by 1914?
Huge reserves of natural resources
What year did the USA join WW1?
1917
What rich family benefitted from the boom?
Rockefeller Family
How much did the total farm income drop between 1919 to 1928?
$22 to $13
Why did the total farm income drop between 1919 to 1928?
Overproduction
How did the coal industry suffer from the boom?
Competition from new industries
What new industries made competition for the coal industry?
Oil and electricity
What US industries were protected from foreign goods during the boom?
Leather and textiles
How did the leather and textile industries suffer during the boom?
Against the development of new man-made materials and cheap labour in the southern states
What finance issue did the coal, leather and textile industries during the boom?
Pay wages see not in-line with profits or dividends paid to shareholders
What did the growth of industry during the 1920’s not create?
Many new jobs
How did most industries grow during the boom?
By electrifying or mechanising production
What groups of people were mainly unemployed during the 1920’s?
Poor whites, African Americans,
Hispanics & immigrants
What led the boom in the 1920’s?
Consumers
What did the consumer led boom mean in the 1920’s?
Ordinary people were buying goods produced for their home
What would happen if families couldn’t afford the goods during the boom?
Demand would eventually tail off
How would demand tailing off effect the US?
Damage US industries
What was a result of overproduction of crops during the 1920’s?
Prices fell
Farmers had to borrow money
Why did farmers have to borrow money during the boom in the 1920’s?
To be able to survive
What was a result of debt for farmers in the 1920’s?
Had to sell farms and leave
Where did farmers go after leaving their farms?
Wandering America
What were (farmers) wanderers called?
Hobos
What percentage of farmers were living in poverty by 1928?
50%
How many farmers lost their farms by 1924?
600,000
What happened to thousands of ship building workers during the boom?
Made redundant
Why were ship workers made redundant during the boom?
Reduction in demand for new ships
How did the cotton industry suffer during the boom?
New synthetic fibres were developed
What synthetic fibre was developed during the 1920’s?
Rayon
Why rayon production led to less jobs?
Produced in factories, fewer workers needed
What percentage did the richest 5% earn from all the money in America?
33%
How many individuals had an income of over $1 million in 1921?
21
How many individuals had an income of over $1 million in 1924?
75
How many individuals had an income of over $1 million in 1926?
207
How many millionaires by 1927 in the USA ?
Estimated 15,000
How many families had an income of less than $1,000 a year in the US during the 1920’s?
6 million
How did Native Americans suffer from the boom?
Land had been seized by mining companies
Where were Native Americans forced to live?
On reservations
What was the soil like on the reservations?
Poor, nearly impossible to grow crops
How did African Americans suffer during the boom?
Economically
Where did African Americans suffer the most segregation?
Southern States
What were most African Americans ancestors in the South?
Slaves
Where were the majority of African Americans employed in during the 1920’s?
Small farms
What people owned the farms the African Americans were working on?
White people
What jobs did African Americans have during the 1920’s?
Labourers or sharecroppers
What conditions did African Americans live in?
Immense poverty
What main southern states was segregation happening?
Alabama, Louisiana and Mississippi
What happened to people who tried to improve the rights of African Americans?
Challenged and threatened by KKK
What was the KKK?
Ku Klux Klan
What was the result of the conditions in southern states for African Americans?
Thousands moved to Northern cities
What northern cities did African Americans move to?
New York, Detroit & Chicago
How did immigrants suffer during the boom?
Low wages, endured more prejudice
What were the new forms of entertainment during the 1920’s?
Radio, Cinema
Jazz, Sport
How many registered radio station in 1921?
1
How many registered radio stations by 1922?
508
How did most homes own a radio?
Hire purchase
How much was the radio network NBC making by 1929?
$150 million a year
Where did Jazz originate from?
Southern States of the USA from the blues and ragtime Munro’s African Americans
What people listened to Jazz?
Young people
Why did young people listen to Jazz?
Had enough of their parents’ old music/ dances
How would Jazz be described?
Rhythmic, sexy, easy to dance to
What did Jazz lead young people to do?
Smoking, drinking,
(according to some) behaving indecently
How did Jazz come to the northern cities?
African Americans looking for better quality of life
What was ‘the Roaring Twenties’ also called?
‘Jazz age’
Why was ‘the Roaring Twenties’ also called ‘Jazz Age’?
Jazz was so popular
What were college students willing to challenge?
Parents’ values, lifestyle
What African American musicians became famous during the ‘Jazz Age’?
Louis Armstrong
Bessie Smith
The Empress of the Blues
How many people had a radio set by the end of the 1920’s?
50 million
Why did the radio become an important means of communicating during the 1920’s?
Not everyone could read
How did the entertainment of Jazz and Radio link?
People bought radios so they could listen to Jazz when ever they wanted
What other ways of entertainment like radios were there?
records and gramophones
When did organised sport develop?
During the 1920’s
What were the main sports supported in the US?
Baseball, golf
Boxing, tennis
When was the Yankee Stadium built?
1923
When was Madison Square Garden rebuilt?
1925
What sporting events was held in stadiums?
Ice hockey, boxing,
baseball, basketball
How else could people enjoy sports without being there?
Broadcasted on the radio
What did sport on the radio provide?
Live commentary and descriptions of various sporting events
How many radio listens heard the coverage of the 1927 World Heavyweight Boxing Title fight?
60 million
What was the affect of radio and sport?
Huge enthusiasm about sport
Increased popularity of the radio
How did sport become a profitable business?
Sponsors, tickets
What company was the first to sponsor the Olympic Games?
Coca-cola
What year did Coco-cola start to sponsor the the Olympic Games?
1928
Who was the sport star of the 1920’s?
Babe Ruth
What was Babe Ruth’s nickname?
The Bambino
The Sultan of Swat
Who sold Babe Ruth?
Boston Red Sox
Who received Babe Ruth?
New York Yankees
What year was Babe Ruth sold to the New York Yankees?
1919
How much did Babe Ruth earn over his career?
$2,000,000
$2 million
What was the most exciting development during the 1920’s?
The cinema
How did cinema influence people during the 1920’s?
Fashion, ways in which people behaved
What was the audio of the movies in the early 1920’s?
Silent
Who did cinema employ?
Musicians.
Piano or electric organ during the films
What were the major movie companies in Hollywood?
Paramount
Warner Brothers
MGM
What type of movies drew in movie stars to play parts?
Cowboy movies, Detective stories
Comedies, Romantic movies
What Italian actor was very popular during the 1920’s?
Rudolph Valentino
What movie made Rudolph Valentino a sex symbol?
‘The Sheikh’
What year did ‘The Sheikh’ come out?
1921
How much did Rudolph Valentino earn?
$1 million
Who was a very influential figure in cinema during the 1920’s?
Charlie Chaplin
What was Charlie Chaplin a founder of?
United Artists film company
Who else was a founder of the United Artist of film company?
Mary Pickford
Douglas Fairbanks
What year was the United Artist of film company founded?
1919
What films did Charlie Chaplin star in and what year did they come out?
The Tramp (1915) The Kid (1921)
Who had the most influence on people in cinema?
Clara Bow
What part did Clara Bow play numerous of times?
A flapper
How did Clara Bow influence girls?
To behave how she did in movies & irl
Who was the most popular actress in 1928 to 1929?
Clara Bow
How many people went to the cinema on a weekly basis in 1927?
60 million
Who starred in ‘The Jazz Singer’?
Al Jolson
What year did ‘The Jazz Singer’ come out?
1927
What are ‘Talkies’?
Movies with sound
How many films did Hollywood produce every year during the 1920’s?
500
When did cartoons become popular?
In the 1920’s
What cartoon movies gained popularity in the 1920’s?
‘Felix the Cat’
‘Mickey Mouse’
When did ‘Felix the Cat’ come out?
1925
When did ‘Mickey Mouse’?
1928
When was the Hays Code drawn up?
1930
What did the Hays Code prohibit?
Nudity and dancing of a sexual nature
What was the maximum kiss time as a result from the Hays Code?
7 metres of flim
What was not allowed to be portrayed in a good light as a result of the Hays Code?
Adultery
What did the Hays Code condemn?
Killing
Why didn’t some religious people agree with condemning killing on screen?
Lack of morals & influence on young people
What were women expected to dress before WW1?
Long dresses
How were women expected to behave before WW1?
Modestly
Who accompanied married women?
Other married women or older women
Who accompanied unmarried women?
A chaperone
A married women, older women or a hired chaperone
What was unacceptable for women to do in the public before WW1?
Smoke
What was associated with women’s job before WW1?
Traditional women’s jobs
What are some traditional women’s jobs?
Servants, Seamstresses
Secretaries, Nursing
What jobs were available for women during WW1?
Factory work
Why were women working in factories during WW1?
Replacing men who were fighting in war
What organisation had been fighting for the vote of women?
National American Women Suffrage Association
NAWSA
How long had NAWSA been fighting for the vote for women?
Decades
When did the Nineteenth Amendment become a law?
1920
What was the Nineteenth Amendment?
Women’s right to vote
What was the % change of women employed during the 1920’s?
+25%
How many women were working by 1929?
10.6 million
What was a result of women working in middle or above classes?
More money to spend
What did the markets do as a result of women having more money to spend?
Targeting women in their campaigns to encourage them to buy new products
How did women’s behaviour change during the boom?
Smoke in public
What became acceptable for women to do during the 1920’s?
Drive cars
What became acceptable for women to take part in during the 1920’s?
Energetic sports
What were young women of the 1920’s referred to?
Flappers
How many people imitated flappers behaviour and dress sense around the world?
Millions
How short were women’s skirts by 1919?
6 inches above the knee
How short were skirts by 1927?
Knee-level
Why did women’s skirts becoming shorter and shorter?
Rebelling against old-fashioned clothes from their mothers era
What traditional fashion item went out of fashion during the boom?
The corset
What was the most popular hairstyle for women during the 1920’s?
Bob
What did women wear a lot of during the boom?
Make up, jewellery
Who was the most famous flapper?
Joan Crawford
What films did Joan Crawford star in?
‘Paris’
‘The Unknown’
When did ‘Paris’ come out?
1926
When did ‘The Unknown’ come out?
1927
Who did Joan Crawford marry?
Douglas Fairbanks Jr.
What year did Joan Crawford get married?
1929
What did Joan Crawford and Douglas Fairbanks Jr married prove?
Her important social status in society
What place allowed flappers to express themselves?
Jazz Clubs
What did flappers do in Jazz Clubs?
Smoke
Drink
What did speakeasies allow flappers to do?
Drink illegal alcohol
What dance was popular before WW1?
The Waltz
What dances became popular during the 1920’s?
Shimmy
Bunny Hug
What were Petting Parties?
Flappers kissing men in public
What did flappers create?
Slang
What does “I have to go see a man about a dog” mean?
Buy whiskey
What is a “handcuff”?
Engagement ring
What is a “manacle”?
Wedding ring
What were older women’s attitudes on flappers?
Outraged
What was the result of the outraged attitudes of older women?
Formation of the Anti-Flirt Club
What is prohibition?
Banned production & sals of alcohol
What was many Christian views on alcohol?
Damaging America
What was the National mood towards alcohol?
Negative
How many gangland murders took place between 1927 to 1930?
500
What was the most famous gangland murder?
St Valentine’s Day Massacre
When did the St Valentine’s Day Massacre take place?
1929
Where was Capone during the St Valentine’s Day Massacre take place?
Beach in Florida
Who was Capone’s rivals?
Bug Moran
How many men did Capone’s men kill during the St Valentine’s Day Massacre?
7
How was Capone imprisoned?
Income-tax evasion
How did Capone die?
Syphilis
What year did Capone die?
1947
How was the illegal alcohol made?
Brewing industry
Why did people continue to drink alcohol during the prohibition?
Not enough prohibition agents
How many prohibition agents were there in 1920?
1,500
What made it hard for prohibition agents to stop smuggling alcohol?
America’s large boundaries
Who smuggled in alcohol?
Bootleggers
What made it easy to bribe prohibition agents?
Low salaries
What did many Americans do if they didn’t support the prohibition?
Drink in speakeasies
Who made money from organised crime?
Al Capone
How many immigrants had arrived in the USA by 1920?
40 million
What was the main reason for immigrants to come to the USA?
Escaping poverty in their own country
Hope for equality of opportunity
How did most immigrants travel to the USA?
By sea
Where % of immigrants arrived at Ellis Island?
70%
How many new immigrants arrived at New York every day in 1920?
5,000
What did new immigrants have to do?
Medical tests
What did immigrants medical test include?
For diseases
What happened if an immigrant had a disease?
Held at Ellis Island or deported back
How long were immigrants held at Ellis Island if they had a disease?
Days or weeks
What were immigrants questioned about?
Work & financial situation
What tests did immigrants have to do?
Literacy test
Why did immigrants have to do a literacy test?
Not be a burden on society if cants speak English
What immigrants hope for in America?
Better life
When was the literacy test law put into place?
1917
What is the law ‘Emergency Quota Act’?
Restricting number of immigrants to 357,00 per year. Also set down a quota, 3% of all countries populations overseas who have already come to the USA in 1910 could come into America after 1921
When was the ‘Emergency Quota Act’ passed?
1921
What is the law ‘The National Origins Act’?
Reduced maximum number of immigrants to 150,000 per year, quota to 2% based on the population of the USA in 1890
How did the work environment exploit immigrants?
Work longer hours for lower pay
What did the exploitation of immigrants lead to?
Immigrant communities more isolated from other Americans
What did a Democratic Party candidate campaign in 1920 involving immigrants?
“Ship or shoot”
Where did immigrants traditionally come from?
Northern, Western Europe
What countries were traditionally immigrants?
Britain
Ireland
Germany
How many immigrants from Eastern Europe arrived between 1900 to 1914?
13 million
What Eastern countries were known for US immigrants?
Italy
Greece
Russia
Why did Americans fear the open door policy?
Feared economic, political and social impacts of immigrants
What was the red scare?
Increase in xenophobia
What is xenophobia?
dislike of or prejudice against people from other countrie
What was the Red Scare?
Americans frightened by immigrants supposedly plotting a revolution to turn to communism
Why was there scare of turning communist in the USA?
Communist Revolution in Russia
When was there a Communist Revolution in Russia?
October 1917
What was the Red Scares heightened by?
Industrial unrest in 1919
What did the industrial unrest in 1919 include?
General strike in Seattle
Boston police force refusing to work