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Pharmacology > Ambulatory drugs > Flashcards

Ambulatory drugs Flashcards

1
Q

List 7 considerations in the use of antibiotics

A
  1. Bacteriocidal vs bacteriostatic
  2. Penetration
  3. Time vs concentration dependent
  4. WHP
  5. Narrow vs broad spectrum
  6. Aerobic vs anaerobic organisms
  7. resistance
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2
Q

What is meant by concentration dependent antibiotics?

A

Tissue or serum concentrations must exceed the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)

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3
Q

Give an example of a concentration-dependent antibiotic

A

Aminoglycosides

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4
Q

What is meant by a time-dependent antibiotic?

A

Tissue or serum concentrations must be above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for the dosing interval

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5
Q

Give examples of time-dependent antibiotics

A

Beta lactams

Macrolides

Tetracyclines

Glycopeptides

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6
Q

List 7 classes of antibiotics

A

Beta lactams and penicillans

Sulphonamides and trimethoprim sulphonamides

Tetracyclines

Aminoglycosides

Macrolides

Fluroquinolones

Others

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7
Q

List four examples of beta lactams/penicillins

A

Penicillin

Amoxicillin

Cephalosporins

Ceftiofur

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8
Q

What is the mechanism of action for beta lactams/penicillins?

A

Prevent bacterial wall synthesis

Rupture of cell wall integrity

Inhibit penicillin binding protein

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9
Q

Are beta lactams/penicillins bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic?

A

Bacteriocidal

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10
Q

Are beta lactams/penicillins more effective against gram +ve or -ve?

A

Usually Gram +ve

(Gram -ve = thinner cell wall)

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11
Q

Are beta lactams/penicillins time or concentration dependent?

A

Time dependent

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12
Q

What are the classes of penicillins?

A

Natural

Pencillinase-resistant

Beta lactamase inhibitors

Aminopenicillins

Extended spectrum

Narrow spectrum

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13
Q

What is the spectrum for natural penicillins?

A

G -ve anaerobes and aerobes

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14
Q

Give two examples of penicillinase-resistant penicillins

A

Cloxacillin

Methacillin

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15
Q

What is the spectrum of activity for pencillinase-resistant penicillins?

A

Penicillinase-producing G-ve cocci (staph)

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16
Q

Give an example of a beta-lactamase inhibitor

A

Clauvonic acid

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17
Q

Give two examples of aminopenicillins

A

Amoxicillin

Ampicillin

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18
Q

What is the spectrum of activity for aminopenicillins

A

Broad spectrum: G +ve and G -ve activity

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19
Q

Give two examples of extended-spectrum penicillins

A

Carbenicillin

Ticarcillin

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20
Q

What is the spectrum of extended spectrum penicillins

A

G -ve including Pseudomonas

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21
Q

Describe the penetration of penicillins

A

Joint, plural, and peritoneal spaces

NOT milk and CSF

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22
Q

How are penicillins eliminated?

A

Urine

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23
Q

What are the indications for penicillin?

A

Abcess, foot rot, umbilical and joint infections, respiratory, urogenital

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24
Q

What is the spectrum for amoxycillin?

A

Broad spectrum (G +ve & -ve)

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25
Q

What can you add to amoxycillin to extend its spectrum of activity?

A

Clavulanic acid (beta lactamase inhibitor)

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26
Q

Is amoxycillin bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

A

Bacteriocidal

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27
Q

Does amoxycillin penetrate cellular barriers?

A

No

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28
Q

What are the indications for amoxycilin?

A

Abscess, umbilical and joint infections, mastitis, metritis, calf enteritis (E. coli, salmonella)

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29
Q

Are cephalosporins bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

A

Bactercidal

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30
Q

How are celphalosporins elminated?

A

Urine (renal)

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31
Q

What is the spectrum of Ceftiofur sodium?

A

G +ve and -ve anaerobes

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32
Q

Discuss the penetration of Ceftiofur

A

poor penetration into tissues with a physiological/cellular barrier

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33
Q

Are sulphonomodes bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

A

Bacteriostatic

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34
Q

What is the mechanism of action of sulphonamides?

A

Competitive inhibition of para-aminobenzoic acid into folic acid molecule

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35
Q

What is the mechanism of action of trimethoprim sulphonomides?

A

Inhibit thmidine synthesis, blocks conversion of para-aminobenzoic acid, blocks conversion of DFA to tetra-hydrofolic acid

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36
Q

Discuss the spectrum of activity of sulphonamides + trimethoprim sulphonomides

A

Broad spectrum (G +ve and -ve aerobes)

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37
Q

Are sulphonomides and trimethoprim sulphonomide bactercidal or bacteriostatic?

A

Alone, bacteriostatic;

In combination, bacteriocidal

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38
Q

Discuss the penetration of sulphonomides + trimethoprim sulphonomide

A

Wide penetration: can penetrate cellular walls.

Soft tissue, CNS, synovial fluid, small concentration in milk, pleural peritoneal, joint, udder, prostate, CSF, ocular

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39
Q

How are sulphonamides and trimethoprim sulphonomides eliminated

A

Renal + some hepatic

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40
Q

Discuss the toxicity of sulphonamide + trimethoprim sulphonamide

A

If rapidly administered, can cause hypersensitivity reaction with collapse and temporary blindness

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41
Q

Are tetracyclines bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

A

Bacteriostatic, but bacteriocidal at higher doses

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42
Q

What is the spectrum of activity of tetracyclines?

A

Broad spectrum (G+ve & -ve)

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43
Q

Discuss the penetration of tetracyclines

A

Liver, spleen, kidney, lung

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44
Q

How are tetracyclines eliminated?

A

Excreted unchanged in urine and bile

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45
Q

What are the indication for oxytetracyclines?

A

metritis, mastitis, septicaemia, generalised infections, pneumonia, leptosporosis, anaplasma

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46
Q

Discuss the toxicity of oxytetracyclines

A

Rapid IV dosing -> hypotension and colapse.

Foetal tooth discolouration in utero

Tissue irritation

47
Q

Name four aminoglycosides

A

Streptomycin

Neomycin

Gentamycin

Framycetin

48
Q

Are aminoglycocides bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

A

Bactericidal

49
Q

What is the mechanism of action of aminoglycocides?

A

Inhibition of protein synthesis

50
Q

What is the spectrum of activity of aminoglycocides?

A

Aerobic G -ves (+ some G +ve mycobacteria and mycoplasma spp)

51
Q

Are aminoglycocides time or concentration dependent?

A

Concentration dependent

52
Q

Describe the toxicity effects of aminoglycocides

A

ototoxicity

nephrotoxicity

53
Q

Which aminoglycocides are not for use in food producing animals?

A

Streptomycin

Gentamicin

54
Q

Name four macrolides

A

Erythromycin

Tylosin

Timicosin

Tulatrhomycin

55
Q

What is the mechanism of action of macrolides?

A

Inhibition of protein synthesis

56
Q

Are macrolides bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

A

Bacteriostatic, but bactericidal at higher doses

57
Q

What is the spectrum of activity of macrolides

A

G +ve, mycoplasmas

Moderate effect on anaerobes

58
Q

Discuss the penetration of macrolides

A

Transferred by macrophages, crosses cellular barriers

Lungs, liver, kidney, mammary gland, reproductive organs

59
Q

How are macrolides eliminated?

A

Hepatic and renal

60
Q

Discuss the toxicity of macrolides

A

Pain and swelling at injection site.

Human toxicity/death

61
Q

What is the spectrum of activity of erythromycin?

A

Narrow spectrum: G +ve, spirochaetes

62
Q

What are the indications for erythromycin?

A

Bovine respiratory disease, calf pneumonias, metritis, chronic mastitis

63
Q

What is the spectrum of activity of tylosin?

A

Narrow spectrum: G +ve

64
Q

What are the indications for tylosin?

A

Pneumonia, foot rot, mastitis

65
Q

What are the side effects of tylosin?

A

Transient ptylism (overproduction of saliva), increased RR

66
Q

What is the spectrum of activity of tilmicosin?

A

Narrow spectrum: G +ve and fastidious G -ve

67
Q

What are the indications for Tilmicosin?

A

Bovine respiratory disease, calf pneumonia

68
Q

What are the side effects of tilmicosin?

A

Localised swelling

IV can cause death in cattle and humans

69
Q

Can tilmicosin be used in food producing animals?

A

Not for use in lactating dairy cows due to persistance in milk

70
Q

What is the mechanism of action of tulathromycin?

A

impaired protein synthesis

71
Q

Can tulathromycin be used in food producing animals?

A

Cannot be used in dairy cows, bobby calves

72
Q

Name two fluoroquinolones

A

Enrofloxacin

Marbofloxacin

73
Q

Are fluoroquinolones bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

A

Bactericidal

74
Q

What is the mechanism of action of fluoroquinolones?

A

Inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase: prevent DNA synthesis and cell replication

75
Q

What is the spectrum of activity of fluoroquinolones?

A

G -ve, some G +ve aerobes, mycoplasma

76
Q

Which fluoroquinolones are not for use in food producing animals?

A

Enrofloxacin

77
Q

What are the indications for fluoroquinolones?

A

Mycoplasma, respiratory disease, seminal vesiculitis

78
Q

What are the side effects of fluoroquinolones?

A

Arthropathic effects in immature animals

79
Q

What are the side effects of marbofloxacin?

A

Localised pain and swelling

80
Q

What is the spectrum of activity of florfenicol?

A

Broad spectrum: G +ve cocci, G -ve bacilli, mycoplasma

81
Q

Is florfenicol bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

A

Bacteriostatic

82
Q

What is the mechanism of action of florfenicol?

A

Inhibits ribosomal protein synthesis?

83
Q

What are the indications of florfenicol?

A

Foot rot, pink eye (infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis), bovine respiratory disease

84
Q

What is the mechanism of action of sodium iodide?

A

Antibacterial agent (not an antibiotic)

85
Q

What are the indications for sodium iodide?

A

Woody tongue, Lumpy jaw

86
Q

What are the side effects of sodium iodide?

A

Tearing/lacrimation, nasal discharge, diarrhoea, weight loss, abortion

87
Q

Which anti-inflammatory is not for use in food producing species?

A

Phenylbutazone (affects bone marrow in humans producing aplastic anaemia and agranulocytosis)

88
Q

Name five anti-inflammatory drugs

A

Phenylbutazone

Flunixin meglumine

Ketoprofen

Meloxicam

Tolfenamic acid

89
Q

What is the mechanism of action of flunixin meglumine

A

Potent cox inhibitor

90
Q

How is flunixin meglumine eliminated?

A

Hepatic and biliary

91
Q

What are the side effects of flunixin meglumine

A

Long term gastrointestinal ulceration

Myonecrosis and injection site inflammation

92
Q

What is the mechanism of action of ketoprofen?

A

Inhibits prostaglandin synthesis in tissue

93
Q

How is ketoprofin eliminated?

A

Renal

94
Q

What are the indications of ketoprofen?

A

Fever, pain, mastitis inflammation, calf pneumonia, dehorning, castration

95
Q

What is the mechanism of action of meloxicam?

A

Inhibits synthesis of prostaglandins

96
Q

Can meloxicam be used in food producing animals?

A

Yes, but WHP longer than ketoprofin, so use in lactating cattle is therefore limited

97
Q

What is the mechanism of action of tolfenamic acid?

A

Potent COX inhibitor

98
Q

What are the indications for tolfenamic acid?

A

acute mastitis, acute bovine respiratory disease, infectious arthritis

99
Q

List 7 sedatives/anaesthetics

A

Xylazine

Ketamine

Detomidine

Midazolam

Acepromazine

Butorphanol

Azaperone

100
Q

How is xylazine excreted?

A

Hepatic and renal

101
Q

What are the side effects of xyalzine?

A

thermoregulatory depression

gastrointestinal stasis

salivation

polyuria

bradycardia

hypotension

respiratory depression

102
Q

What is the mechanism of action of ketamine?

A

NMDA antagonist

103
Q

What is the use of ketamine?

A

Dissociative anaesthetic

104
Q

What is the mechanism of action of detomidine?

A

Alpha 2 adrenergic agonist

105
Q

What is the use of detomidine

A

Dose dependent sedation and analgesia

106
Q

What is the mechanism of action of midazolam?

A

Serotonin antagonist, increased GABA release, reduced ACh in CNS

107
Q

What is the use of acepromazine?

A

Sedative/tranquiliser

108
Q

What is the mechanism of action of acepromazine?

A

post-synaptic dopamine antagonist, suppress sections of RAS (controls thermoregulation, emesis, hormones, consciousness)

109
Q

What is the mechanism of action of butorphanol?

A

Partial agonist/antagonist opiate (kappa, sigma)

110
Q

How is butorphanol excreted?

A

renal, biliary, faeces

111
Q

What is azaperone used for

A

Neuroleptic (neuronal suppression), sedation

112
Q

Which two drugs can be used for epidural analgesia?

A

Lignocaine and xylazine

113
Q

What are the indications for lignocaine?

A

Local blocks (castration, de-horning, suturing, etc)

Nerve block (lameness examination)

Pharmacology (12 decks)

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