Amboss Hints Flashcards

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1
Q

Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) pathophysiology?

A

Autoantibodies agains P/Q voltage-gated calcium channels at the myoneural junction that impair the release of acetylcholine

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2
Q

Why clinical signs of cyanosis occurs as a result of inhaled NO?
(The mainstay treatment for PPHN)

A

Because NO causes oxidation of ferrous iron (Fe2+) to ferric iron (Fe3+) at high levels, resulting in the formation of methemoglobin

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3
Q

What is the most common upper extremity neuropathy?

A

CTS

Carpal tunnel syndrome

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4
Q

What conditions are associated with carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

Pregnancy
hypothyroidism
rheumatoid arthritis
acromegaly

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5
Q

Ulnar nerve entrapment occurs at…….?

A

1) cubital tunnel in the elbow

2) ulnar tunnel (Guyon’s canal) in the hand

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6
Q

What nerve injury causes wrist drop?

A

posterior interosseous nerve (PIN), a branch of the radial nerve

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7
Q

Key features for differentiating HHS and DKA?

A

1)DKA:ketones are formed because there is no endogenous insulin
HHS برعکس
2)DKA: lower Bicarbonate

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8
Q

B2 deficiency symptoms?

A

seborrheic dermatitis (erythematous rash with fine yellow scales)
pharyngeal hyperemia
glossitis, cheilitis, angular stomatitis,
normocytic-normochromic anemia The increased activity coefficient of erythrocyte glutathione reductase confirms this diagnosis.

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9
Q

riboflavin (vitamin B2) serves as a redox cofactor for various enzymes, including …..?

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase succinate dehydrogenase glutathione reductase

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10
Q

Vitamin B5 deficiency symptoms

A

Adrenal insufficiency
Enteritis
Alopecia
Neurological symptoms (paresthesias, numbness)

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11
Q

Pyridoxal phosphate, the active form of vitamin B6, is used as a cofactor, for ….?

A

cysthathione synthesis, protein catabolism, and heme synthesis

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12
Q

Vitamin B6 deficiency symptoms?

A

stomatitis, cheilosis
seborrheic dermatitis
sideroblastic anemia due to impaired heme synthesis, which is microcytic, not normocytic. Diagnosis is confirmed by direct measurement of plasma pyridoxal phosphate concentration

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13
Q

Niacin deficiency is confirmed by measuring …

A

serum levels of tryptophan or erythrocyte NAD/NADP ratio.

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14
Q

Diagnosis of B1 deficidncy can be confirmed by …

A

measuring the transketolase activity in RBCs following administration of thiamine.

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15
Q

What is the most common side effect of topical corticosteroid use

A

Skin thinning

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16
Q

What is the MOA of corticosteroids?

A

bind to intracellular glucocorticoid receptors, forming a complex that translocates into the nucleus, where it interacts with specific DNA sequences. The complex :
1)activates IκB, which inhibits the function of NF-κB, a transcription factor that normally promotes expression of numerous pro-inflammatory cytokine genes. 2)It also inhibits production of arachidonic acid derivatives by inhibiting phospholipase A2.

17
Q

Chronic, systemic corticosteroid use is associated with increased risk of developing cutaneous SCC and BCC but not dysplastic nevi or melanoma.

A

Topical corticosteroid use is not known to increase the risk of any skin cancer type.

18
Q

What translocation can be seen in 75% of Burkitt lymphoma?

Risk factors?

A

t(8;14) , which results in c-myc gene dysregulation on chromosome 8. C-myc is a proto-oncogene .

1) chronic EBV infection predisposes to translocation t(8;14).
2) Sporadic Burkitt lymphoma is associated with HIV

19
Q

Diseases due to translocations?

A
8,14 burkitt
14,18 follicular lymphoma
9,22 CML
11,14 mantle cell lymphoma
11,22 Ewing sarcoma
15,17 acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL)
12,21 ALL
20
Q

Anemia in vitamin deficiency

A

B2 normocytic
B6 microcytic
B9,B12 macrocytic