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geography- paper 3 > Amazon rainforest > Flashcards

Amazon rainforest Flashcards

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1
Q

Biodiversity

A

Number of different plant and animal species in an area

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2
Q

Amazonia

A
  • 16,000 different tree species
  • 40,000 plant species
  • 1,300 bird species
  • 6 sloth species
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3
Q

Uk tree species

A

30 different

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4
Q

Biodiversity is high in rainforest because

A
  • climate is perfect for all year growth and reproduction
  • rainforest are ancient and have stable climate
  • multiple layers of forest (different habitats)
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5
Q

Amazon rainforest

A

Holds 10% of words plant and animal species

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6
Q

World tropical rainforest

A
  • Ecuador
  • Congo Vadim
  • again countries
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7
Q

Climate of rainforest

A
  • no dry season (60mm of rainfall each year)

- high temp (26-32 all year round)

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8
Q

0-10 m of forest

A

Forest floor
-darkness
(Mammals)

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9
Q

10-20m forest

A

Understorey layer
- Young trees
(Insects)

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10
Q

20-30m forest

A

Canopy layer
-dense
(Snakes, birds, frogs)

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11
Q

30-40m forest

A

Emergent layer
-hardwood and evergreen
(Monkey and birds)

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12
Q

Adaptation

Evergreen hardwood

A

-tall slender trunks with no branches, huge roots

Support weight

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13
Q

Adaptation

Epiphytes

A

-gets nutrients from water and air

Roots dangle mid air

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14
Q

Adaptation

Lianas

A

Stem clings to trees and climb up to sunlight

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15
Q

Adaptation

Drip tip leaves

A

-thick waxy leaves

Shed water quickly to prevent Rot

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16
Q

Adaptation

Sloth

A
  • huge claws (hang upside down)
  • fur grow away from feet (shed rain)
  • green algae on fur (camouflage)
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17
Q

Adaptation

Primates

A

(Lemurs and monkeys)

  • long tails (balance)
  • stein claws (grip trees)
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18
Q

Adaptation

Big cats

A

(Jaguars, tigers, leopards)

-comouflaged fur (blend with sunlight and shade on floor)

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19
Q

Adaptation

Birds

A
  • Loud calls (easier to mate)

- powerful beaks (break open nuts)

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20
Q

Nutrients

A

Tiny amounts of chemical elements and compounds

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21
Q

Nutrient cycle

A

Nutrients eaten by animals
Animals then die
Nutrients recycled

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22
Q

External factors affect nutrient cycle

A
  • added by precipitation/ weathering
  • remover by runoff or leaching
  • taken up from soil as plants grow
  • returned when animals die
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23
Q

Tropical rainforest

Nutrient cycle

A 
Larger biomass store
Smaller litter store 
Large decay transfer 
Larger growth transfer 
Larger weathering input 
Larger leaching output
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24
Q

Food web

A
  • Primary producers (plants)
  • Primary consumers (herbivores)
  • Secondary consumers (carnivores)
  • Tertiary consumers (too carnivores)
  • Detrivores (decomposers)
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25
Q

Directs threat

A

Deliberate cutting down of trees for timber

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26
Q

Indirect threat

A

Come from pollution, global warming or disease

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27
Q

Main threat for tropical rainforest

A

Deforestation

Direct

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28
Q

Deforestation occurs

A
  • poverty
  • debt
  • economic development
  • demand for resources
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29
Q

To show rainforest lost

A

GIS satellite used

30
Q

Dark green on GIS

A

Tropical rainforest

31
Q

Lighter areas GIS

A

Deforest places

32
Q

Deforestation happens along

A

Major roads

33
Q

Different rates of deforestation caused by:

A
  • poverty of low income countries
  • palm oil industry
  • protection of forest
  • isolation
34
Q

Indirect threats are

A

Harder to manage

35
Q

Main indirect threat

A

Global warming

36
Q

Globally warming impacts already

A
  • plants are flowering earlier
  • bird migration patterns are changing
  • vegetation zones (shifting towards poles)
37
Q

Temp rise of 1°

A
  • 10% of land species face extinction

- biomes shrink

38
Q

Temp rise of 2°

A
  • 15%-40% land species face extinction
  • biomes shift towards zones
  • extreme weather
39
Q

Temp rise of 3°

A
  • 20%-50% of land species face extinction
  • flooding
  • drought
40
Q

Amazon main droughts

A

2005 and 2010

41
Q

Droughts put forest ecosystems under stress by

A
  • Drying leaf litter (threatens nutrient cycle)

- leaves in canopy did (reduce food supply affecting food webs)

42
Q

Scientists argue

A
  • deforestation leads to an increase in droughts and severity
  • fewer trees means less evaporation and transpiration = fewer clouds and less rain
43
Q

Amazonia

A
  • produces 20% global oxygen
  • 40000 plant species
  • 2 million insect species
44
Q

Rate of deforestation slowed

A
  • large area protected by government
  • reduce demand (global recession)
  • government stricter on illegal logging
  • forest code law (preserve 80% of forest they own)
  • 19% voted Green Party
45
Q

CITES

A

The convention on international trade in endangered species

46
Q

Cites

Lists

A

29000 plants

5000 animal

47
Q

What does cites do

A
  • bans cross boarder trade in listed species

- stopping the buying and selling of endangered species

48
Q

Cites advantages

A
  • many countries signed up
  • wider variety of species
  • key success
  • worked well for cute and cuddly threatened species
49
Q

Cites disadvantages

A
  • protects species not ecosystem (doesn’t prevent deforestation)
  • global warming could undermine its success
  • relies on funding from counties
  • has to be underthreat to get on list
50
Q

REDD

A

Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation

51
Q

Purpose of redd

A

Stop deforestation

52
Q

Redd aims

A
  • reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation
  • conservation and enhancement of forest carbon stocks
  • sustainable management of forests
53
Q

Redd works through

A

Government and TNCs

54
Q

Juma SFR

A

juma sustainable forest reserve

55
Q

SFR

A
  • non government
  • brazil first redd project
  • area of rain forest in Amazon
56
Q

Juma people

A
  • 5880 square kilometres
  • 35 villages
  • population= 2400
57
Q

Juma biodiversity

A
  • 21 different species
  • 430 different birds
  • 1% deforestation
58
Q

Local people in juma are

A

Payed to not cut down forest

59
Q

Money to juma people

A
  • From TNCs
  • families payed $28 a month
  • alternate income so no deforestation
60
Q

Success of SFR

A
  • without protection 60% would be gone by 2050
  • come has risen
  • funding to build schools, clean water, solar panels
  • ecotourism developed
61
Q

Not success of SFR

A
  • relies on donations
  • money for families is less than $1 a day
  • hard to police (illegal logging may continue)
62
Q

Sustainable forest management

A

Conserves forest by ensuring they are not used faster than can be renewed

63
Q

Economic benefits of sustainable forest management

A

Reducing poverty by creating income from alternative livelihoods

64
Q

Social benefits of sustainable forest management

A

Involve improving facilities to benefit the community

65
Q

Environmental benefits of sustainable forest management

A

Protect forest biodiversity and other resource

66
Q

Sustainable environmental management

A

Kilum-ljim

67
Q

Kilum-ljim

A
  • mountain rainforest
  • Cameroon, Africa
  • 35 communities
68
Q

What did kilum-ljim do

A
  • market out forest reserve area
  • made list of resources
  • developed rules for the sustainable use of forest
  • set up unit to manage and monitor forest
  • educate communities about replanting trees
69
Q

Kilum-ljim aim

A

Conserve so future generations could use it

70
Q

Challenges faced

A
  • population growth = increase pressure
  • money from doners could end
  • climate change can degrade
71
Q

Agroforestry

A

(Sustainable farming)

  • crops are grown between trees so trees are not cut
  • crops of different height are grown to protect soil from erosion and reduce pest numbers
72
Q

Ecotourism

A
  • small scale, low impact tourism
  • appeals to tourists interested in wildlife
  • tourists stay with local families and eat local food
  • money from tourists go to local people

geography- paper 3 (5 decks)

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