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Last week Content > Alzheimer’s Disease and Cognition > Flashcards

Alzheimer’s Disease and Cognition Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of cognition?

A

The mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses.

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2
Q

What are the consequences of cognitive impairment?

A
  • increased risk for injury
  • complicates disease management
  • decreased functional ability
  • increased need for assistive services
  • financial hardship
  • caregiver burden
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3
Q

What are the risk factors for cognitive impairment?

A
  • Elderly people are at highest risk for cognitive impairment
  • personal behaviors, substance abuse, participation in high-risk activities, accidental injuries
  • environmental exposure
  • congenital factors
  • genetic conditions
  • health-related conditions (acute/chronic treatments
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4
Q

What does th type and degree of cognitive impairment depend on?

A

The type of problem and its severity

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5
Q

What are the things that are helpful in recognizing cognitive impairment?

A
  • memory
  • language
  • visuospatial
  • calculation
  • abstract reasoning
  • thought process and content
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6
Q

What are some diagnostic tests for cognitive impairment?

A
  • lab tests (to rule out medical problems)
  • Neuropsychometric testing
  • brain imaging techniques
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7
Q

What are some of the brain imaging techniques used to diagnose cognitive impairment?

A
  • neuroimaging

- MRI or PET

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8
Q

What can the MRI or PET detect?

A
  • intercranial tumors
  • infarcts (vascular dementia)
  • frontotemporal lobe atrophy
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9
Q

What is Alzheimer’s disease?

A

A common degenerative neurological disorder.

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10
Q

When does AD usually manifest?

A

After age 65

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11
Q

Half the population over ___ have AD.

A

85

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12
Q

When a patient has AD, what else may they die from?

A

Comorbidities

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13
Q

What are the two basic types of AD?

A

Familial and sporadic

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14
Q

What is an example of progressive degenerative changes in AD?

A

Gross atrophy of cerebral cortex.

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15
Q

What is AD caused by?

A
  • neurofibrillary tangles
  • Amyloid process
  • loss of communication between neurons
  • death of neurons results
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16
Q

Death of neurons follows a…

A

Specific pattern

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17
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

Center for emotion, memory

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18
Q

What is the hippocampus?

A

Center for recent memory

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19
Q

What type of memory is lost more slowly and why?

A

Remote memory, because it is spread over more areas of the brain

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20
Q

Death of neurons cause what?

A

Motor changes, loss of ability to think remember, and reason

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21
Q

Death of neurons causes changes in behavior that interfere with what?

A

Life.

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22
Q

What can exhibit from death of neurons?

A

Delusions or hallucinations

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23
Q

The summary of the pathophysiology and etiology of AD includes what?

A
  • blood flow to affected areas decreases
  • atrophy of cortical area of the brain
  • structural, chemical changes
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24
Q

What are the risk factors of AD?

A
  • Age over 65
  • Family history
  • Gender
  • Head injury
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25
Q

Is there a way to prevent AD?

A

No

26
Q

What are the actions that can limit risk of AD?

A
  • weight control
  • regular exercise
  • consume protective foods
  • use of drugs and alcohol
  • being mentally and socially active
27
Q

What things could be associations with AD?

A
  • anoxia
  • infectious disease (HIV)
  • Depression
  • poisoning
  • substance abuse
  • Down syndrome
  • DM
  • Atherosclerosis
  • HTN
  • smoking
  • inflammation
28
Q

In AD, what accompanies cognitive decline?

A

Physical decline

29
Q

What do you do with the many manifestations of AD that are similar to those of other conditions?

A

Rule out other disease processes

30
Q

What does the rate of progression of this disease depend on?

A

Overall health and type of care after diagnosis

31
Q

Mnemonic: D:

A

Drug or alcohol

32
Q

Mnemonic: E:

A

Emotional disorders

33
Q

Mnemonic: M:

A

Metabolic or endocrine disorders

34
Q

Mnemonic: E (2):

A

Eye and ear dysfunctions.

35
Q

Mnemonics: N:

A

Nutritional deficiencies

36
Q

Mnemonics: T

A

Tumors, trauma, or toxins

37
Q

Mnemonics: I

A

Infections

38
Q

Mnemonics: A

A

Atherosclerotic effects on heart, brain

39
Q

How many stages of dementia are there?

A

Seven

40
Q

How is stage 1 AD characterized?

A

No impairment

41
Q

How is stage 2 AD characterized?

A

Normal aged forgetfulness

42
Q

How is stage 3 AD characterized?

A

Mild cognitive impairment

43
Q

How is stage 4 AD characterized?

A

Mild or early stage AD (symptoms are more obvious, trouble performing ADL’s)

44
Q

How is stage 5 AD characterized?

A

Moderate AD (lose ability to live independently)

45
Q

How is stage 6 AD characterized?

A

Moderately severe AD (can remember own name but not name of spouse)

46
Q

How is stage 7 AD characterized?

A

Severe AD (complete loss of ability to respond to surroundings, requires total care)

47
Q

For collaboration of a patient with AD, who is involved?

A

-MD, Nurse, Social Worker, Neurologist, Psychiatrist, PT, OT, Gerentology nurse specialist, MD, Case worker, pharmacists

48
Q

Are there any diagnostic test for AD?

A

No, except for a brain autopsy

49
Q

What are other diagnostics to discover AD?

A

H&P, (including psychiatric and neuro), Ongoing interviews, Brain scans, CT and MRI, PET imaging, Lab work ups

50
Q

What is PET imaging?

A

It’s a type of nuclear medicine imaging.

51
Q

What may slow down progression of of AD

A

Acetylocholinesterase inhibitors and MNDA receptor antagonists.

52
Q

What if taken before the disease, may slow progression of AD?

A

NSAID’s

53
Q

True or false.

Research suggests certain antihypertensives may be useful.

A

True.

54
Q

What type of behaviors management drugs are given for AD?

A
  • antidepressants

- antipsychotics

55
Q

What is the prototype drug for mild to moderate AD?

A

Donepezil

56
Q

What is Memantine?

A

A NMDA receptor antagonist

57
Q

What is Memantine used for?

A

Moderate to Late AD

58
Q

What is the action of Memantine?

A

It blocks the effects from high levels of glutamate thereby slowing the intracellular calcium accumulation and resultant nerve damage

59
Q

What is contraindicated for Memantine?

A

Renal or hepatic impairment, seizure history.

60
Q

What are the adverse affects of Memantine?

A

Heart failure, HTN, fatigue, dizziness, anxiety, confusion, insomnia, arthralgia, incontinence

61
Q

What do you use is combination with Memantine?

A

Donepezil

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