Altruism Flashcards
1
Q
Altruism
A
- unselfish concern for the welfare of another
- children quickly develop a sense of altruism through modeling, approval, and intrinsically motivation
- difficult to explain from rational cost/benefit perspective
- hallmark of humanity: ability to reflect on and empathize with needs of others
2
Q
Cost-Reward Theory
A
- seeing people in trouble is distressing
- distress or arousal motivates action to help
- experimentally manipulated base level of arousal increase likelihood of helping
- cost to self of helping versus cost to other of not helping
3
Q
Factors of Altruism
A
- clarity of need for help
- explicit request for help
- people often fail to come to someones aid if others are present
4
Q
Empathy-Altruism Theory
A
-altruism is driven by the emotion of empathy for other person
5
Q
Evolutionary Theory
A
- altruism is driven by inclusive fitness or fitness of the group
- kin selection: helping a relative survive
6
Q
Cooperation
A
- working together to attain a goal
- often switch to competition
- temporary alliance gives way to trying to win
7
Q
Competition
A
-attempt to attain goal for ones self while denying others
8
Q
Conflict
A
-situation in which one group or person is seen as interfering with goal attainment of others
9
Q
Social Dilemmas with Competition
A
- best for me, bad for group
- best for group, not optimal for me
10
Q
Prisoner’s Dilemma
A
- confess or stay silent
- people tend to act competitively here
- confessing has bette outcome, regardless of others action
- cooperation has an assured cost but it assures more than it should under rational theory
- once cooperation is broke, hard to regain
11
Q
Zero-Sum Game
A
- gains are offset by losses elsewhere
- fixed pie of resources that can only be divided up, not expanded or diminished
- adopting this frame tend stop invite conflict
- escaping zero-sum game frame helps resolve conflict
12
Q
Interpersonal Conflict
A
- Incompatible Interests: we both want the same thing but we want the outcome to be different
- Attributional Errors: attributing bad intent to another party
- Faulty Communication: other side not understood
- Magnify differences between own and others viewpoint
13
Q
Group Behavior
A
- when people work together they make decisions and produce things
- might assume that having more people involved is better which is an democratic ideal
14
Q
Risky Shift
A
-individuals tend to recommend more conservation action than group
15
Q
Group Polarization Effect
A
- interacting with a group results in people taking a more extreme view
- moves form moderate to strong conviction
16
Q
Groupthink
A
- group harmony becomes more important than making the right decision
- impairs group decision making
- conformity valued over accuracy
- close-mindedness
- unwilling to consider alternative arguments
- self-censorship: speak up or never speak
- lack of impartial leadership
17
Q
Group Leadership
A
- leadership has powerful effects on groups
- guide group decision making, motivate them, structure group activity
- personality traits: agreeableness, emotional stability, extraversion, conscientiousness
18
Q
Type of Leader: Task Motivated
A
- close supervision
- give directives
- limit discusion
- tend not to be well liked but things get done
19
Q
Type of Leader: Relationship Motivated
A
- loose supervision
- solicit ideas from members
- concerned with feelings of members
- typically, well liked and effective
20
Q
Type of Leader: Transactional
A
- underlying model
- exchange of work for reward
- reward for good behavior
- correct bad behavior
21
Q
Type of Leader: Transformational
A
- charismatic
- create vision of goals of group
- inspiring rather than rewarding or punishing
