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IERW AEROMED > Altitude Physiology > Flashcards

Altitude Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the physical divisions of the atmosphere?

A

Troposphere - Extends to an Alt. of 30,000 ft. at the poles and 60,000 ft. at the equator Tropopause - boundary between troposphere and stratosphere Stratosphere - tropopause to about 50 miles upward. Ionosphere - end of stratosphere upward to 600 miles Exosphere - end of ionosphere to about 1200 miles (true space)

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2
Q

What are the physiological zones of the atmosphere

A

Efficient zone Deficient zone Space equivalent zone

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3
Q

Efficient zone

A

sea level to 10,000 ft

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4
Q

Deficient zones

A

10,000 ft to 50,000 ft

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5
Q

Space equivalent zone

A

above 50,000 ft

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6
Q

What are the functions of the circulatory system?

A

Transports O2 and nutrients to cells throughout the body Transports metabolic waste products to organ removal sites Assists in temperature regulation Acid-base balance

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7
Q

What carries O2 to cells

A

red blood cells

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8
Q

What are the functions of respiration?

A

Provide O2 to cells, Remove carbon dioxide from cells Assist in maintaining body temperature, Assist in maintaining body acid-base balance

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9
Q

Inhalation

A

The active phase of respiration. Movement of air into the lungs when the chest wall expands and the diaphragm moves downward.

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10
Q

Exhalation

A

The passive phase of respiration. Movement of air out of the lungs when the chest wall collapses and the diaphragm relaxes.

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11
Q

What happens to respiration during pressure breathing at altitude

A

The active and passive phases of respiration are reversed. In some indivduals, this can lead to hyperventilation and unconsciousness

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12
Q

Hypoxia

A

Oxygen deficiency sufficent to impair performance

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13
Q

What are the four types of Hypoxia

A

Hypemic Stagnant Histotoxic Hypoxic

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14
Q

Hypemic Hypoxia

A

Reduction in O2 carrying capability of red blood cells; e.g. carbon monoxide

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15
Q

Stagnant Hypoxia

A

Reduction in blood flow; e.g. positive G maneuvers

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16
Q

Histotoxic Hypoxia

A

Interference with the use of O2 by the body tissues; e.g. cyanide poisoning

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17
Q

Hypoxic Hypoxia

A

Insufficient pressure of O2 in the air; e.g. flying at altitude

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18
Q

Symptoms

A

What you feel

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19
Q

Signs

A

What you see in others

20
Q

Stages of Hypoxia

A
  • Indifferent stage
  • Compensatory stage
  • Disturbance stage
  • Critical stage

(ICDC)

21
Q

Indifferent stage

A

sea level to 10,000 ft, usually no symptoms noted in a healthy individual.

22
Q

What is the only significant effect of mild hypoxia at the indifferent stage?

A

Night vision deteriorates at about 4,000ft.

23
Q

Compensatory stage

A

10,000 to 15,000 ft;

mild effects begin to appear, but the individual can usually overcome the effects or compensate for the deficits

24
Q

Disturbance stage

A

15,000 to 20,000 ft;

most of the symptoms of hypoxia will appear, and will increase in severity with absolute altitude, time at altitude, and rate of ascent

25
Q

Critical stage

A

20,000 ft and above

severe effects: loss of consciousness, convulsions, and death

26
Q

What is hyperventilation

A

Abnormal loss of CO2 from the blood

27
Q

Causes of hyperventilation

A

Causes are usually: - emotional; fear, apprehension, excitement - pressure breathing, - hypoxia

28
Q

Symptoms of Hypoxia

A

Symptoms are observable by the individual aircrew member. They vary from one person to the next: Air hunger or breathlessness / Apprehension (anxiety) Fatigue / Nausea / Headache / Dizziness / Hot and cold flashes / Euphoria / Belligerence (anger) Blurred vision Tunnel vision / Numbness / Tingling / Denial

29
Q

Signs of Hypoxia

A

Signs are observable by the other aircrew members Increased rate and depth of breathing /Cyanosis /Mental confusion / Poor judgment / Loss of muscle coordination Unconsciousness / Slouching

30
Q

Symptoms of Hyperventilation

A

similar to those of hypoxia: Tingling sensations /Muscle spasms /Hot and cold sensations / Visual impairment / Dizziness / Unconsciousness

31
Q

Differentiate between hyperventilation and hypoxia

A

Altitude: Above 10,000 ft, assume hypoxia: Below 10,000 ft, assume hyperventilation Symptoms: Cyanosis only seen with Hypoxia Muscle Spasms only seen with Hyperventilation

32
Q

What is the treatment of hyperventilation / hypoxia.

A

Treatment Above 10,000 feet- assume hypoxia and treat accordingly. 100% O2 / Descend to a safe altitude. Below 10,000 feet- assume hyperventilation and treat accordingly. Voluntary reduction in rate and depth of respiration is necessary to accomplish this task./ Reading or repeating a checklist in most cases can treat hyperventilation.

33
Q

Your co-pilot has pain in one tooth, what is it and what do you do?

A

Land and seek dental care. it is Barodontalgia (trapped gas disorders of the teeth).

34
Q

What is the treatment for sinus trapped gas dysbarism?

A

Stop descent of aircraft and attempt to clear by valsalva

35
Q

A mixture of gases that surrounds the Earth’s surface is the __________.

A

atmosphere

36
Q

The ___________ is the domain of weather, winds, turbulence and convection.

A

troposphere

37
Q

The physiological zones of the atmosphere are __________, _________ and __________ zones.

A

efficient, deficient, space equivalent

38
Q

Oxygen makes up ________ % of gas in the atmosphere.

A

21

39
Q

_________ is the fluid part of the blood composed mainly of salt, water and proteins.

A

Plasma

40
Q

________ transport approximately _______ % of all O2 in the body.

A

Red blood cells, 98,5

41
Q

_________ is a process by which a living organism exchanges gases with its environment.

A

respiration

42
Q

Respiration is an __________ process that occurs in two phases, the __________ phase and the _________ phase.

A

involuntary

inhalation/active

exhalation/passive

43
Q

What is the mnemonic for the stages of hypoxia?

A

ICDC

44
Q

________ hypoxia results when there is interference with the use of O2 by body tissue.

A

Histotoxic

45
Q

True of false: Hypoxia can occur at any altitude.

A

True!

46
Q

__________ is an excessive rate and depth of respiration leading to abnormal loss of O2.

A

Hyperventilation

47
Q

The __________ stage of hypoxia is associated with altitudes of 10,000 - 15,000 feet.

A

compensatory

IERW AEROMED (9 decks)

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