Alternative Therapies/Anatomy Review Flashcards
Type of cell responsible for transmission of impulses through the nervous system
Neuron
Skull bone that articulates with the first cervical vertebrae
Occipital bone
How many cervical vertebrae does the cat have?
7
First cervical vertebra (C1) is referred to?
Atlas
Most caudal portion of the sternum
Xiphoid
Humeroradioulnar joint is located where?
Proximal to the carpus
Leg bone responsible for minimal support
Fibula
Large muscle of the caudal aspect of the canine lower hind leg
Gastrocnemius
Fascia is described as:
Tough sheet of fibrous connective tissue
Deltoid muscles allow fine movements of the:
Shoulder
Joint between the bony rib and cartilaginous portion of the rib is called:
Costochondral Junction
Dogs have how many cervical thoracic and lumbar vertebrae
7, 13, 7
Horses have how many cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae?
7, 18, 7
Are efferent neurons part of motor or sensory?
Motor
Are afferent neurons part of motor or sensory?
Sensory
How many types o cranial nerves exist
12
Which cranial nerve is responsible for balance and hearing?
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal nerve is responsible for what?
Tongue movement, swallowing, salivation, and taste?
Which of the following cranial nerves is a sensory nerve
Vestibulocochlear
Which of the following cranial nerves is the longest nerve that innervates many organs in the body?
Vagus
Nociceptors are important for detecting
Pain
The vagus nerve is cranial nerve number?
X (10)
The calcaneus of dogs is also referred to as the:
Point of the hock
Which animal contains the highest number of sacral vertebrae?
Horse
Which of the following is the most proximal bone of the thoracic limb?
Scapula
Which canine muscle originates from the dorsal midline from C2 to C7 and inserts on the spine of the scapula?
Trapezius
Which muscle is responsible for retracting the forelimb of dogs?
Latissimus dorsi
Which muscle group extends the hip joint and abducts the thigh?
Gluteals
Which muscle is the most medial muscle of the hamstring?
Semimembranosus
All of the following are muscles of the hind limb in dogs except:
- Biceps femoris
- Quadriceps femoris
- Semitendinosus
- Biceps brachii
Biceps Brachii
Which of the following are goals of physical rehabilitation therapy:
- Decreased pain and inflammation
- Maintained or increased joint ROM and flexibility
- Maintained or increased strength
- All of the above
All of the above
Benefits of massage include which of the following
Decreased muscle spasms and increased local blood and lymphatic flow
What modalities does thermotherapy encompass?
Heat and cold therapy
When starting a patient on aquatic swimming therapy, which of the following would be the main recommendation?
Slowly introduce aquatic therapy depending on patient’s level
Traditional Chinese veterinary medicine (TCVM) includes what five branches?
Diet and food, exercise Qigong, Tui-na, acupuncture, and herbal medicine
Why is electrical stimulation used at select acupuncture points?
To increase the duration of effect
What is a myofascial trigger point (MTrP)?
A hyperirritable spot in skeletal muscle that is associated with a hypersensitive palpable nodule in a taut band
In chiropractic practice, what is the role of veterinary technician?
- Takes the preliminary history
- Conducts the initial examination
- Pain Assessment
- All of the above
All of the above
A traumatic cause of OA in dogs includes obesity as a risk factor? What is the most common traumatic cause of OA in dogs?
Ruptured cruciate ligaments
What is meant by the term noxious stimulus?
A damaging or potentially damaging tissue stimulus
If a painful stimulus is traveling in an afferent direction, what does this mean?
Toward the central nervous system
What is the minimal stimulus required to elicit a transmittable electrical signal from a peripheral sensory receptor?
Threshold
Pain known as first pain, because it is often the first pain felt after injury, is often described as sharp and short lived. This pain signal is transmitted by what nociceptor?
A-delta
What are the two main nerve fiber types associated with transmitting pain sensation information to the central nervous system?
A-delta and C fibers
What is the correct order of pain pathway?
Transduction, transmission, modulation, perception
Which of the following terms describes the changing, inhibiting, or amplifying of an impulse within the spinal cord?
Modulation
What is the function of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord?
To receive and manage sensory information from the peripheral nerves
Which types of fibers does the “gate control theory” state are responsible for increasing the inhibitory effects of interneurons, thereby reducing transmission of painful stimuli?
A-beta
Pain originating from injury to the skin, muscles, joints, and deep tissues is termed
Somatic pain
Which of the following chemicals is not a major inflammatory mediator of pain?
Estrogen
What type of nerve fiber is responsible for a diffuse, burning type of pain accompanying tissue damage and inflammation?
C-fibers
What type of pain can be felt because of damage to internal organs?
Visceral pain
What nerve fibers are responsible for conducting harmless signals that provide information such as touch, pressure, vibration, and movement?
A beta fibers
Which of the following painful conditions is not an example of chronic pain?
Incisional pain following castration
Which of the following time frames describes chronic pain?
Pain that is prolonged? (days, weeks, months)
What substance normally blocks the NMDA receptor so that it cannot allow ions to pass freely and generate an impulse?
Magnesium
What is the function of myelin?
To increase rate of nerve impulse transmission
Inflammatory mediator histamine originates where?
Mast Cells
Massage is an example of which type of rehabilitation technique?
Manual therapy
Visceral pain is quite common among companion animals. Which of the following is not an example of visceral pain?
- Pancreatitis
- Gastroenteritis
- Bowel ischemia
- Osteosarcoma
Osteosarcoma
Gabapentin is used to help alleviate the symptoms of neuropathic pain. Which of the following characteristics best describes the sensation associated with neuropathic pain?
Burning or lancing pain
The role of the veterinary technician in pain management includes what:
- patient assessment
- differentiating pain from other stress
- monitoring and treating drug effects
- all of the above
all of the above
Which of the following is an example of analgesic therapies used in the postoperative period?
- Low-level laser therapy
- Hydrotherapy
- Massage therapy
- All of the above
All of the above
What is the most common sign of osteoarthritic pain in cats?
Reduced frequency of jumping up to high places
An epidural injection in a dog is injected between:
L7-S1
Which of the following statements is not true regarding acupuncture?
Acupuncture relies on nonspecific identification of the structures responsible for generating pain
Which of the following examples does acupuncture usually involve?
The insertion of thin, sterile needles into specific anatomic sites richly supplied with nerve endings
Which of the following are contraindications for acupuncture?
- Pregnancy
- Sepsis
- Severe bleeding abnormalities
- All of the above
All of the above
Myofascial pain syndrome entails the palpation of:
Taut bands and trigger points
Herbs used for COX inhibition do not include:
Capsaicin
Examples of complementary therapy of pain management include:
- Manual therapy
- Magnet therapy
- Homeopathy
- All of the above
All of the above
During cryotherapy, the cold temperature raises the activation threshold of:
Tissue Nociceptors
When should cryotherapy be applied for best response?
- During acute inflammatory phase of tissue healing
- After exercise to lessen inflammatory response
- Immediately following surgery
- All of the above
All of the above
Caution should be used with cryotherapy if a patient has:
B and C
Localized vascular compromise
Areas of previous frostbite
Cold or white skin after a 20-minute cryotherapy session may indicate:
Possible cold-induced tissue damage
Cryotherapy can include:
- Ice packs
- Cold immersion baths
- Ice Massage
- All of the above
All of the above
Which of the following scenarios is thermotherapy not useful for?
Acute inflammation
Treatment for joint mobility includes:
- ROM
- Stretching Exercises
- A and B
- None of the above
A and B
Which of the following is an example of an active range of motion exercise?
All of the above
(Aquatic therapy, walking in snow or sand, climbing stairs)
Therapeutic exercises do not include:
Pulling or carrying weights
A contraindication for transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) includes:
Animals with pacemakers
When should low-level laser therapy not be used?
Over areas of malignancy or cancer
Massage techniques may include:
- Effleurage
- Petrissage
- Trigger point therapy
- All of the above
All of the above
Which tool is used to measure passive range of motion in companion animals?
Goniometer
When should therapeutic ultrasound not be used?
When the patient’s area of interest has plastic or metal implants
Phototherapy can be used for:
- Soft-tissue injuries
- Wound healing
- Chronic Pain
- All of the above
All of the above
In cats, aquatic therapy is contraindicated for:
Cardiac Dysfunction
An example of a proprioception exercise used for cats is:
Balance board
Which of the following describes “wind-up”?
The perceived increase in pain intensity with time when a given painful stimulus is delivered repeatedly in excess of a critical rate
Pain that is abnormal and not beneficial for the patient is called:
Maladaptive pain
