Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology: Environment Agents Flashcards
Rigor mortis
Stiffening of skeletal muscles after death
Accidental hypothermia
unintentional decrease of core body temperature below 35 degrees Celsius (95 degrees F)
Autophagy
A type of cellular housekeeping in which a cell digests some of its own components
Caseous necrosis
area of cell death in which dead cells disintegrate, by the debris is not digested completely by enzymes
coagulative necrosis
area of cell death in which denatured proteins appear firm and opaque
Free radical
an atom or group of atoms having an unpaired electron
livor mortis
purple discoloration of dependent issues after death
Apoptosis
cell death that involves orderly dismantling of cell components and packaging the remainders in vesicles
Lining of the uterus thickens after ovulation because of increased amounts of estrogen
Hyperplasia
man who lifts weights regularly develops larger biceps
hypertrophy
thymus gland decreases in size during childhood
atrophy
columnar epithelium in bronchi of cigarette smoker is replaced by stratified squamous epithelium
metaplasia
captain of roller derby team has greater thigh diameter on the left than right from skating clockwise
hypertrophy
left calf is smaller than right calf when cast is removed from the leg
atrophy
liver regenerates after surgical removal of damaged portion
hyperplasia
Cell death by ______ causes inflammation but cell death by _____ does not.
A: necrosis
B: apoptosis
C: Necrosis
D: apoptosis
A: necrosis, D: apoptosis
Dysplasia aslo is called ____ hyperplasia.
A: normal
B: atypical
B:atypical
Release of _________ ions from intracellular stores into the cytoplasm during ischemia damages the cell.
A: potassium
B: calcium
B: calcium
compared with normal aerobic metabolism, cells that use anerobic metabolism produce ____ ATP and ______ lactic acid.
A: more
B: less
C: more
D: less
B: Less, C: More
The most important way to prevent medication-related poisoning deaths in children is safe __________.
A: storage
B: prescribing medications
A: storage
Reactive oxygen species, such as ________ , damage cells by attacking their __________.
A: superoxide radicals
B: superoxide dismutase
C: potassium
D: membranes
A: Superoxide radicals, D: membranes
postmortem changes _____ the inflammatory response.
A: involve
B: do not involve
B: do not involve
Liquefactive necrosis occurs most commonly in the ______ because the cells there are rich in ____ .
A: brain
B: heart
C: lipases
D: hydrolases
A: brain, D: hydrolases
Gangrene occurs when cells die of _____ and _____.
A: hypoxia
B: trauma
C: poisoning
D: bacterial invasion
A: hypoxia, D: bacterial invasion
what is hypertrophy
hypertrophy increases tissue mass by keeping the same number of cell and make each induvial cell larger.
What is hyperplasia?
Hyperplasia increases tissue mass by increasing the number of cells.
what is suffocation?
Suffocation occurs when oxygen fails to reach the blood.
what is strangulation?
Strangulation occurs when neck pressure collapses blood vessels, stopping blood flow to the brain.
What is an abrasion?
an abrasion is a scrape in which superficial skin layers have been removed.
what is a laceration?
A laceration is a jagged or irregular tearing of tissue.
What is dystrophic calcification?
Dystrophic calcification occurs in dying and dead tissues. Over time, the center is deprived of oxygen supply, dies, and becomes calcified.
what is metastatic calcification?
Metastatic calcification occurs in normal tissues with plasma calcium concentration is too high.
what is penetrating gunshot wound?
a penetrating gunshot wound, the bullet remains in the body.
what is a perforating gunshot wound?
wit ha perforating gunshot wound the bullet has exited the body.
Beginning with acute obstruction of a coronary artery, sequence the events that occur during necrosis of a myocardial cell.
A: ATP supply decreases within the cell
B: acute obstruction of coronary artery cuts off arterial blood supply to myocardium
C: cell runs on anaerobic metabolism because of lack of oxygen
D: cell burst and spills its contents into the interstitial fluid
E: active transport of ions across the cell membrane slows
F: Lysosomal enzymes destroy components of their own cell
G: osmosis causes cell swelling, and calcium accumulates in the cell
H: organelles, including lysosomes, swell and rupture
B, C, A, E, G, H, F, D
Active enzymes that dismantle the cellular components during apoptosis are called _______.
caspases
acute cellular swelling during ischemia is reversible if ________ is supplied quickly.
oxygen
Acute tuberculosis disease is characterized by ________ necrosis, whereas the death of brain cells is characterized by ____ necrosis.
caseous; liquefactive
During apoptosis, cell contents are contained in vesicles called ___ ____, which are removed by ______.
apoptotic bodies; phagocytosis
Liver enzymes metabolize most blood ethanol to _______, which damages tissues.
acetaldehyde
When excessive reactive oxygen species overwhelm the endogenous antioxidant systems, ______ _______occurs.
oxidative stress
Death of the entire person is called ________ death.
somatic
melanin is synthesized by epidermal cells called ______ and accumulates in epidermal cells called _________.
melanocytes; keratinocytes
Mr. Turing had severe crushing injuries to both lower extremities when his house collapsed on him during an earthquake. among other abnormal values, his laboratory tests show elevated creatine kinase in his blood. Why is creatine kinase high?
when cells under go necrosis, enzymes normally found inside cells are released and enter the blood. the enzyme creatine kinase normally occurs inside skeletal muscle. mr turing injuries caused a lot of skeletal muscle necrosis.
Mrs. Montoya died peacefully in her sleep at home while lying prone. When her relatives discovered her body and rolled her over, they saw purple discoloration of half of her face and of her abdomen. They are concerned that she may have been beaten the night before her death. What factual information do they need to relieve their concerns?
After death, when blood no longer is circulating, gravity causes blood to settle in the lowest (most dependent) tissues. pooling of blood caused the purple discoloration of her skin. that purple discoloration is called livor mortis or postmortem lividity.
The entire Berg family was in the hospital when Mrs. Berg died quietly from terminal cancer. As the family was preparing to leave, Kevin Berg, age 10, says to his mother, “I think grandma is not dead. She is just sleeping. Dead people are stiff as boards. I saw that on TV. Grandma’s hands are cold, but her arms are not stiff.” His mother looks to the nurse for help. In addition to addressing the emotional issues, what factual information should be provided?
After death the muscles are relaxed at first, and then they get stiff after several hours.
Two of your colleagues are discussing the effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on cells. “Too many ROS cause necrosis,” says one. “But I read that too many ROS cause apoptosis,” says the other. What information should be explained to them to clarify that both are correct?
A very large excess of reactive oxygen species (ROS) tends to cause necrosis, but a smaller excess of ROS can cause apoptosis.
Choose the characteristics of apoptosis. Choose all that apply.
A: cell is damaged by its own lysosomal enzymes
B: cell shrinks when its cytoskeleton is dismantled
C: the cell injury is reversible if nutrients are restored in time
D: process causes inflammation
E: sections of the cell bud off into vesicles
F: cell swells when osmosis occurs
G: process occurs when caspases are inactivated
B and E
Hyperplasia
adaptive increase in the number of cells
pyknosis
shrunken nucleus appearing as a mall, dense mass
metaplasia
adaptive replacement of one mature cell type by another normal cell type
lipofuscin
yellow-brown age pigment
hypertrophy
adaptive increase in cell size
atrophy
adaptive decrease in cell size
sarcopenia
loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength
ischemia
lack of oxygen to tissues caused by insufficient blood supply
algor
goes with mortis to denote postmortem reduction of body temperature
dysplasia
abnormal change in size, shape, and organization of mature tissue cells
karyolysis
nuclear dissolution and lysis of chromatin
hypoxia
partial deprivation of oxygen
Metaplasia
this is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another, sometimes less differentiated, cell type.
Name four biochemical themes important to cell injury
- depletion of ATP
- decreased oxygen and increased levels of free radicals
- increased concentrations of intracellular calcium and loss of calcium-steady state
- defects in membrane permeability
What are the results of hypoxia?
the initial insult is usually ischemia. Hypoxia can induce inflammation, and inflamed lesions can become hypoxic.
What is the cure for hypoxia?
restoration of oxygen can result in reperfusion. Reperfusion injury results from the generation of highly reactive oxyfen intermediates or radicals.
Process of cell death caused by ischemia
- Insufficient o2 and glucose create a situation where the cell cannot produce adequate energy
- There is an influx of Na and Cl into the cell
- H2o is drawn in and the cell swells
- There is an influx of Ca
- The mitochondria are destroyed and the cell is then unable to produce energy
Effects of cell death
- Irreversible and inevitable
- Cell swells and bursts
- Free radicals are released
- The inflammatory process is activated
Free radicals
Electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having unpaired electrons, looks to steal other electrons, causing domino effect
Chemical injury
Begins with a biochemical interaction between a toxic substance and the cells plasma membrane, ultimately damaged, leading to increased permeability
Fat Necrosis
Cellular death that mainly occurs in pancreas, breasts, and other abdominal structures
Coagulative Necrosis
Cellular death that mainly occurs in the heart, kidneys, and adrenal glands
Fat Necrosis
Caused by lipase. Lipases breaks down triglycerides, releasing free fatty acids, which then combine with Ca, Mg, and Na., creating opaque and chalk white soaps.
Gangreous Necrosis
Death of tissue resulting from severe hypoxic injury
Dry gangrene
Result of coagulative necrosis; dry, brown or black
Wet gangrene
Develops when neutrophils invade the site, causing liquefactive necrosis; site is cold, swollen, and black with foul odor.
Gas gangrene
Due to infection by clostridium; can lead to death if enzymes lyse the membrane of RBC’s destroying their oxygen carrying capacit
Apoptosis
Cellular dropping off; cellular self destruction
Atrophy
Reduction in cell size; may be caused by disuse, decreased hormone stimulation, or reduction in blood supply
Hypertrophy
Increase in cell size due to increase workload; ex. muscle
Hyperplasia
Increase in cell number due to an increase in cell division; ex. monthly hyperplasia of endometrium, callus
Dysplasia
Abnormal changes in size, shape, and organization of mature cells
Metaplasia
Reversible replacement of one mature cell by another, often less differentiated cell type
Neoplasia
Abnormal growth of tissues, a tumor forms.
Compensatory Hyperplasia
An adaptive mechanism that enables certain organs to regenerate.
Contains 2/3 of body’s H2o
ICF
Contains 1/3 of the body’s H2o
ECF
The sodium-potassium pump maintains the balance of _____ inside cells and _____ outside of cells by active transport.
K; Na
Hydrostatic pressure
Arterial side of capillaries; pressure in capillaries is greater than pressure in the interstitial space
What are Reactive oxygen species (ROS)?
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are chemically reactive molecules from molecular oxygen formed as natural oxidant species in cells during mitochondrial respiration and energy generation.
Systemic manifestations of cellular injury are:
fever, leukocytosis, increased heartrate, pain, and serum elevation of enzymes in the plasma
Necrosis is characterized by:
rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure, organelle swelling, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the lack of typical features of apoptosis.
Apoptosis is characterized by
regulated or programmed cellular fragments dropping off called apoptotic bodies.
the four major types of necrosis are
coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, and fat
Gangrene
gangrene is necrosis caused by hypoxia and subsequent bacterial invasion
Autophagy
Autophagy is the recycling factory of the cell. it degrades cytoplasmic components and organelles in lysosomes and salvages key metabolites to promote metabolic and nutrient homeostasis.
Senescence
This process of permanent proliferative arrest on cells in response to various stressors may be an essential contributor to aging and age-related diseases.
What is a collection of blood that is located between the skull and the dura is called?
A: Epidural hematoma
B: Contusion
C: Subdural hematoma
D: Subarachnoid hemorrhage
A: Epidural hematomas are a blood collection between the skull’s inner surface and the dura. A contusion is a bruise or bleeding into the skin and underlying tissue. A subdural hematoma is a blood collection between the inner surface of the dura and the brain’s surface. Subarachnoid hemorrhage is a condition in which a cerebral arterial aneurysm ruptures.
The possible diagnosis of shaken baby syndrome is supported when an infant brought to the emergency department is found to have which type of cerebral hematoma?
A: Epidural
B: Subdural
C: Subarachnoid
D: Avulsion
B; A subdural hematoma is associated with blows, falls, sudden acceleration, or head deceleration, such as the sudden movements that occur with the shaken baby syndrome. Epidural hematomas result from a torn artery, often associated with a skull fracture. Subarachnoid hemorrhage is a condition in which a cerebral arterial aneurysm has ruptured. An avulsion is a tear or rips in the skin, resulting when the tensile strength of the skin or tissue is exceeded.
Which term describes a tear or rip of the skin with a jagged and irregular edge?
A: Abrasion
B: Incision
C: Laceration
D: Incised wound
C: Lacerations occur when the tensile strength of the skin is exceeded, resulting in ragged and irregular abraded edges; an extreme example is an avulsion, in which a wide area of tissue is pulled away. An abrasion results from removing the superficial layers of the skin caused by friction between the skin and the injured object. An incision is a precise cut with an instrument that leaves regular clean edges. An incised wound is more extended than deep and has distinct advantages without abrasion.
Which term describes oxygen failing to reach the blood?
A: Suffocation
B: Strangulation
C: Drowning
D: Petechiae
A; Suffocation occurs when oxygen fails to reach the blood. It is a subgroup of asphyxial injuries. Strangulation is caused by compression and closure of the blood vessels and air passages by external pressure on the neck. Drowning occurs when water or fluid alters the delivery of oxygen. Petechiae are found on the neck of a victim who has been strangled. It results from compression of soft tissue and the breakage of blood vessels.
What is the physiologic mechanism associated with heat exhaustion?
A: Peripheral vasoconstriction
B: Degenerative changes in the myelin sheath
C: Hemoconcentration from salt and water loss
D: Significantly increased blood volume
C; Heat exhaustion is defined by sufficient salt and water loss that results in hemoconcentration. Hypotension occurs secondary to fluid loss and may cause a collapse. The individual may feel weak and nauseous. Heat stroke is a life-threatening condition associated with high environmental temperatures and humidity. Generalized peripheral vasodilation and decreased circulating blood volume are significant. Degenerative changes in the cellular myelin sheath are associated with hypothermic injury.
Which statement regarding altitude and illness is true?
A: Caisson disease occurs when descending too quickly while diving.
B: Pulmonary edema is the result of hypoxia and increased pulmonary hypertension.
C: Gas emboli are caused by oxygen bubbles.
D: Altitude sickness occurs from blast injuries.
B; High altitude causes hypoxic injury. This hypoxia causes the shunting of blood from the periphery to vital organs, including the lungs, and results in pulmonary hypertension. Caisson disease is often called the bends and occurs when divers ascend too quickly, resulting in a gas embolism. Gas emboli are formed when carbon dioxide and nitrogen, typically dissolved in blood, bubble out of the solution. Blast injuries cause significant injury through the collapse of the thorax, the rupture of internal organs, and widespread hemorrhage.
Which form of necrosis is associated with tuberculous infections?
A: Coagulative
B: Liquefactive
C: Fat
D: Caseous
D: Caseous necrosis is typically found in the lung from tuberculosis. Tissues appear soft and granular, resemble clumped cheese (hence the name caseous), and are surrounded by a granulomatous inflammatory wall; this pulmonary infection is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is a combination of liquefactive and coagulation necrosis. Coagulative necrosis occurs primarily in the kidneys, heart, and adrenal glands and is caused by protein degradation. Liquefactive necrosis commonly occurs in the neurons and glial cells. Fat necrosis occurs in the breast, pancreas, and other abdominal structures. It is cellular dissolution caused by powerful enzymes called lipases.
Which are the causes of cellular injury? (Select all that apply.)
A: Antioxidants
B: Chemical agents
C: Hypoxia
D: Mechanical factors
B, C, D. Injury to cells may be caused by chemical agents, hypoxia, free radicals, infectious agents, physical and mechanical factors, immunologic reactions, genetic factors, and nutritional imbalances. Antioxidants block the synthesis of free radicals.
Which are the most common risks of lead exposure in children? (Select all that apply.)
A: Slowed growth
B: Psychosis
C: Reduced IQ
D: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
A, C, D. Children exposed to lead in the home are at increased risk of damage to the brain and nervous system, slowed growth and development, learning and behavior problems, and hearing and speech problems. Specifically, these risks include reduced IQ, ADHD, juvenile delinquency, and criminal behavior. Psychosis is not an ordinary risk of lead exposure in children.
Which statements are true regarding apoptosis? (Select all that apply.)
A: An active process of cellular self-destruction
B: A process that deletes cells during embryonic development
C: Local cell death after a severe and sudden injury
D: Causes cell loss in proliferating cell populations
A, B, D. Apoptosis is programmed cell death. It is an active process of cellular self-destruction that is implicated in normal embryonic development and rapidly proliferating cancer cells. Necrosis is accidental cell death that occurs to local cells after a severe and sudden injury.
