Alterations Of Endocrine Function 2 Flashcards
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
Insulin dependent diabetes, usually in kids
Autoimmune
Type 1 diabetes mellitus causes
Genetics and environmental factors
Type 1 diabetes mellitus patho
Autoimmune destruction of beta cells leads to insulin deficiency
Decreased glucose uptake into cells
Hyperglycemia
Cell starvation
Osmotic diuresis (hyperosmolarity and renal tubules reach max transport for glucose reabsorption)
Hyperkalemia
Fat breakdown in adipose tissue (releasage of ketones)
Type 1 diabetes mellitus clinical manifestations
Hyperglycemia Glycosuria Polyuria Polydipsia Polyphagia Weight loss
Type 1 diabetes mellitus sudden complications
Hypoglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis
Type 1 diabetes mellitus, hypoglycemia causes
Overdose in insulin
Delayed meals after taking insulin
Increased exercise without extra food
Alcohol and drugs
Type 1 diabetes mellitus, Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) causes
Not receiving insulin (homeless)
Undiagnosed
Physiological stress
Taking meds that antagonize insulin
Early signs of hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes mellitus
SNS response to low BGL triggers epinephrine
Tachycardia
Palpitations
Diaphoresis
Late signs of hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes mellitus
Due to decreased CNS function Confusion, headache Irritability Weakness Double vision Seizures, loss of conscious
Hypoglycemia unawareness in Type 1 diabetes mellitus
Caused by repeated exposure to low BGL
Normal autonomic warning signs are not perceived
DKA clinical manifestations in Type 1 diabetes mellitus
Severe hyperglycemia
Hypotension and shock
Metabolic acidosis from ketone production
Fluid and electrolyte imbalances
Type 2 diabetes mellitus and risk factors
Non insulin dependent
Genetics, obesity, age, ethnicity, polycystic ovarian syndrome
Type 2 diabetes mellitus patho
Genetics/high caloric diet leads to hyperinsulinemia
Increased exposure of cells to insulin- insulin resistance
Decreased glucose uptake leads tp hyperglycemia
Development of dyslipidemia (high LDL, low HDL)
Hyperglycemia leads to beta cell destruction which leads to decreased insulin secretion
Presents as first metabolic syndrome: (obesity, dyslipidemia, prehypertension, elevated fasting BGL)
Type 2 diabetes mellitus clinical manifestations “uncontrolled or undiagnosed”
Polyuria
Polydipsia
Type 2 diabetes mellitus sudden complication
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemia nonketoic syndrome (HHNKS)
DKA patho in type 1 diabetes mellitus
Lipolysis —> ketone production —> ketoacidosis
Hyperglycemia —> osmotic diuresis —
HHNKS causes in type 2 diabete mellitus
Failure to take antihyperglycemic meds
Taking meds that decrease insulin or increase insulin resistance
Acute illness that causes the release of stress hormones and/or dehydration
HHNKS patho in type 2 diabete mellitus
Insulin resistance —> decreased glucose uptake by cells —
HHNKS clinical consequences in type 2 diabete mellitus
Dehydration and hypovolemia
Electrolyte imbalances
Chronic complication of diabetes mellitus in general
Glycosylyated hemoglobin
Micro vascular disease
Macrovascular disease
Neuropathies
Chronic complication of glycosylated hemoglobin in diabetes mellitus in general
Hemoglobin A1 test measures the buildup of glucose that has become irreversibly bound to hemoglobin in the circulating RBCs
Chronic complication of micro vascular disease in diabetes mellitus in general
Injury to capillaries causes cell hypoxic injury and cell injury
Retinopathy- retinal ischemia and hypoxic injury, causes blindness
Nephropathy- ischemia to renal tubules in kidney and will lead to chronic renal failure
Chronic complication of macrovascular disease in diabetes mellitus in general
(Which is Atherosclerosis)
Uncontrolled hyperglycemia leads to endothelial injury in the arteries which starts the process of atherosclerosis
Dyslipidemia forms atherosclerotic plaques
Plaques cause a reduction in blood flow through the arteries
Chronic complication of neuropathies in diabetes mellitus in general
(Demyelination of neurons and axonal degeneration)
Sensory deficits- tingling, burning, numbness
Motor deficits- alterations in gait and strength
Autonomic dysfunction
Diarrhea
Orthostatic hypotension
