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Patho Exam 2 > Alterations Of Endocrine Function 2 > Flashcards

Alterations Of Endocrine Function 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

A

Insulin dependent diabetes, usually in kids

Autoimmune

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2
Q

Type 1 diabetes mellitus causes

A

Genetics and environmental factors

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3
Q

Type 1 diabetes mellitus patho

A

Autoimmune destruction of beta cells leads to insulin deficiency
Decreased glucose uptake into cells
Hyperglycemia
Cell starvation
Osmotic diuresis (hyperosmolarity and renal tubules reach max transport for glucose reabsorption)
Hyperkalemia
Fat breakdown in adipose tissue (releasage of ketones)

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4
Q

Type 1 diabetes mellitus clinical manifestations

A 
Hyperglycemia 
Glycosuria 
Polyuria
Polydipsia 
Polyphagia 
Weight loss
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5
Q

Type 1 diabetes mellitus sudden complications

A

Hypoglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis

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6
Q

Type 1 diabetes mellitus, hypoglycemia causes

A

Overdose in insulin
Delayed meals after taking insulin
Increased exercise without extra food
Alcohol and drugs

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7
Q

Type 1 diabetes mellitus, Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) causes

A

Not receiving insulin (homeless)
Undiagnosed
Physiological stress
Taking meds that antagonize insulin

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8
Q

Early signs of hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes mellitus

A

SNS response to low BGL triggers epinephrine
Tachycardia
Palpitations
Diaphoresis

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9
Q

Late signs of hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes mellitus

A 
Due to decreased CNS function 
Confusion, headache
Irritability
Weakness
Double vision 
Seizures, loss of conscious
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10
Q

Hypoglycemia unawareness in Type 1 diabetes mellitus

A

Caused by repeated exposure to low BGL

Normal autonomic warning signs are not perceived

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11
Q

DKA clinical manifestations in Type 1 diabetes mellitus

A

Severe hyperglycemia
Hypotension and shock
Metabolic acidosis from ketone production
Fluid and electrolyte imbalances

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12
Q

Type 2 diabetes mellitus and risk factors

A

Non insulin dependent

Genetics, obesity, age, ethnicity, polycystic ovarian syndrome

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13
Q

Type 2 diabetes mellitus patho

A

Genetics/high caloric diet leads to hyperinsulinemia
Increased exposure of cells to insulin- insulin resistance
Decreased glucose uptake leads tp hyperglycemia
Development of dyslipidemia (high LDL, low HDL)
Hyperglycemia leads to beta cell destruction which leads to decreased insulin secretion
Presents as first metabolic syndrome: (obesity, dyslipidemia, prehypertension, elevated fasting BGL)

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14
Q

Type 2 diabetes mellitus clinical manifestations “uncontrolled or undiagnosed”

A

Polyuria

Polydipsia

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15
Q

Type 2 diabetes mellitus sudden complication

A

Hyperosmolar hyperglycemia nonketoic syndrome (HHNKS)

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16
Q

DKA patho in type 1 diabetes mellitus

A

Lipolysis —> ketone production —> ketoacidosis

Hyperglycemia —> osmotic diuresis —

17
Q

HHNKS causes in type 2 diabete mellitus

A

Failure to take antihyperglycemic meds
Taking meds that decrease insulin or increase insulin resistance
Acute illness that causes the release of stress hormones and/or dehydration

18
Q

HHNKS patho in type 2 diabete mellitus

A

Insulin resistance —> decreased glucose uptake by cells —

19
Q

HHNKS clinical consequences in type 2 diabete mellitus

A

Dehydration and hypovolemia

Electrolyte imbalances

20
Q

Chronic complication of diabetes mellitus in general

A

Glycosylyated hemoglobin
Micro vascular disease
Macrovascular disease
Neuropathies

21
Q

Chronic complication of glycosylated hemoglobin in diabetes mellitus in general

A

Hemoglobin A1 test measures the buildup of glucose that has become irreversibly bound to hemoglobin in the circulating RBCs

22
Q

Chronic complication of micro vascular disease in diabetes mellitus in general

A

Injury to capillaries causes cell hypoxic injury and cell injury

Retinopathy- retinal ischemia and hypoxic injury, causes blindness

Nephropathy- ischemia to renal tubules in kidney and will lead to chronic renal failure

23
Q

Chronic complication of macrovascular disease in diabetes mellitus in general

A

(Which is Atherosclerosis)

Uncontrolled hyperglycemia leads to endothelial injury in the arteries which starts the process of atherosclerosis

Dyslipidemia forms atherosclerotic plaques

Plaques cause a reduction in blood flow through the arteries

24
Q

Chronic complication of neuropathies in diabetes mellitus in general

A

(Demyelination of neurons and axonal degeneration)
Sensory deficits- tingling, burning, numbness
Motor deficits- alterations in gait and strength

Autonomic dysfunction
Diarrhea
Orthostatic hypotension

25
Q

Increased risk of infection when having diabetes mellitus in general

A

Micro and macro changes lead to decreased perfusion to tissues and skin breakdown
Impaired vision and sensation
More glucose=more bacteria
Lack of oxygen to tissues decreases WBC supply to infected area, slow healing
WBC function is impaired w/ controlled hyperglycemia

Patho Exam 2 (5 decks)

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