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Patho Exam 2 > Alterations Of Cardiovascular Function 1 > Flashcards

Alterations Of Cardiovascular Function 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Primary hypertension

A

No obvious secondary cause

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2
Q

Complicated hyperthyroidism

A

Hypertension with signs of tissue/organ damage. Finally seeing consequences from primary and secondary hypertension

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3
Q

Secondary hypertension

A

Hypertension with a secondary cause (usually a disease)

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4
Q

Risk factors for hypertension

A 
Genetics/family history
Black race
Older age
Dietary factors
Tobacco use
Alcohol obesity
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5
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Effects or norepinephrine and epinephrine
Maintains BP
Fight or flight response

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6
Q

Alpha 1 receptor

A

Vasoconstriction of systemic arteries

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7
Q

Beta 1 receptor

A

Increased heart rate

Increased cardiac output

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8
Q

Renin angiotensin aldosterone system is stimulated when?

A

BP goes down

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9
Q

Why does hypertension develop?

A

Increased SNS stimulation

Increased RAAS

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10
Q

Hypertension can cause

A

Vasoconstriction (increase in systemic vascular resistance with normal cardiac output)

Increased workload on left ventricle

Turbulence of high pressure damages vascular endothelium

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11
Q

Hypertension causes changes which are

A

Increase of levels of catecholamines and angiotensin which causes hypertrophy and hyperplasia, resulting in a narrow lumen

Degenerative changes in the arterial wall (bulging)

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12
Q

Uncontrolled blood pressure can cause

A

Atherosclerosis (coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, cerebrovascular ichemia)

Heart failure (LV workload)

Chronic kidney disease/renal failure (high pressure in kidney)

Aneurysm (bulge of BV)

Ocular changes (microvascular changes)

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13
Q

What is Dyslipidemia? And what is it a major risk factor for?

A

Abnormal levels of lipids/lipoproteins in the blood

RF for atherosclerosis

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14
Q

Types of lipids and types of lipoproteins

A

Lipids: triglycerides and cholesterol

Lipoproteins: HDL, LDL

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15
Q

When you take labs, what shows up in order to diagnose a patient with dyslipidemia?

A

Low HDL
Elevated LDL
Elevated triglycerides
Elevated cholesterol

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16
Q

Risk factors for dyslipidemia

A

Genetics
Dietary factors
Lack of exercise
Hyperinsulinemia/diabetes mellitus

17
Q

What is Atherosclerosis and what is the cause?

A

Thickening/hardening of blood vessel wall

Cause: endothelial injury + dyslipidemia

18
Q

Atherosclerosis endothelial risks

A

Hypertension
Tobacco use
Diabetes mellitus
Infection

19
Q

What lab tests provide evidence of there being Atherosclerosis?

A

Elevated C reactive protein
Low HDL
Inflammation evidence

20
Q

What is myocardial ischemia

A

Partial blockage of left/right coronary artery

21
Q

Causes of myocardial ischemia

A

Coronary atherosclerosis
Vasospasms of coronary artery

Other contributing factors:
Hypoxemia
Anemia
Increased myocardial demand/workload

22
Q

Myocardial ischemia patho

A

Coronary atherosclerosis results in myocardial ischemia

Oxygen demand of ventricle exceeds oxygen supply in the coronary arteries

23
Q

Consequences of myocardial ischemia

A 
Decreased ventricular contractility bc of lack of O2
Conduction disturbances (require some ATP)
24
Q

Ischemic pain from myocardial ischemia

A

Stable angina pectoris: lasts a few minutes, relieved by rest.

Unstable angina pectoris: lasts 15-20 minutes, radiates, sign of an impending myocardial infarction

25
Q

What is a myocardial infarction and what is its main cause?

A

Complete blockage, no blood flow at all

Main cause: coronary artery disease

26
Q

Factors that increase metabolic demand in a myocardial infarction

A

Extreme physical demand

Hypertension

27
Q

Factors that reduce the oxygen content of the blood in a myocardial infarction

A

Hypoxemia

Anemia

28
Q

Patho of myocardial infarction

A

*thrombus forms on the rough surface of the plaque
Wall of atherosclerotic coronary artery ruptures
Long term obstruction of coronary artery by plaque
Plaque embolus obstructs coronary artery

29
Q

Hypoxic injury in myocardial infarction

A

Decreased O2 —

30
Q

Inflammation in myocardial infarction

A

Neutrophils release a myriad of inflammatory mediators, lysosomal enzymes and free radicals which can all cause cell injury

31
Q

Reperfusion injury in myocardial infarction

A

Introducing O2 to tissues that have been hypoxic causes the formation of free radicals which cause cardiac injury

32
Q

Repair and resolution in myocardial infarction

A

Coagulative necrosis develops at site of infarction

Inflammation leads to scar tissues deposition

33
Q

Clinical consequences of myocardial infarction

A

Decreased ventricular (and atrial) contractibility
Conduction disturbances leading to dysrhythmias
Ischemic pain
Sudden death

34
Q

How to tell if someone has had a myocardial infarction

A

Check for troponin I and T (proteins released) in the blood after myocardial cell injury.

Patho Exam 2 (5 decks)

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