Alterations Of Cardiovascular Function 1 Flashcards
Primary hypertension
No obvious secondary cause
Complicated hyperthyroidism
Hypertension with signs of tissue/organ damage. Finally seeing consequences from primary and secondary hypertension
Secondary hypertension
Hypertension with a secondary cause (usually a disease)
Risk factors for hypertension
Genetics/family history Black race Older age Dietary factors Tobacco use Alcohol obesity
Sympathetic nervous system
Effects or norepinephrine and epinephrine
Maintains BP
Fight or flight response
Alpha 1 receptor
Vasoconstriction of systemic arteries
Beta 1 receptor
Increased heart rate
Increased cardiac output
Renin angiotensin aldosterone system is stimulated when?
BP goes down
Why does hypertension develop?
Increased SNS stimulation
Increased RAAS
Hypertension can cause
Vasoconstriction (increase in systemic vascular resistance with normal cardiac output)
Increased workload on left ventricle
Turbulence of high pressure damages vascular endothelium
Hypertension causes changes which are
Increase of levels of catecholamines and angiotensin which causes hypertrophy and hyperplasia, resulting in a narrow lumen
Degenerative changes in the arterial wall (bulging)
Uncontrolled blood pressure can cause
Atherosclerosis (coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, cerebrovascular ichemia)
Heart failure (LV workload)
Chronic kidney disease/renal failure (high pressure in kidney)
Aneurysm (bulge of BV)
Ocular changes (microvascular changes)
What is Dyslipidemia? And what is it a major risk factor for?
Abnormal levels of lipids/lipoproteins in the blood
RF for atherosclerosis
Types of lipids and types of lipoproteins
Lipids: triglycerides and cholesterol
Lipoproteins: HDL, LDL
When you take labs, what shows up in order to diagnose a patient with dyslipidemia?
Low HDL
Elevated LDL
Elevated triglycerides
Elevated cholesterol
Risk factors for dyslipidemia
Genetics
Dietary factors
Lack of exercise
Hyperinsulinemia/diabetes mellitus
What is Atherosclerosis and what is the cause?
Thickening/hardening of blood vessel wall
Cause: endothelial injury + dyslipidemia
Atherosclerosis endothelial risks
Hypertension
Tobacco use
Diabetes mellitus
Infection
What lab tests provide evidence of there being Atherosclerosis?
Elevated C reactive protein
Low HDL
Inflammation evidence
What is myocardial ischemia
Partial blockage of left/right coronary artery
Causes of myocardial ischemia
Coronary atherosclerosis
Vasospasms of coronary artery
Other contributing factors:
Hypoxemia
Anemia
Increased myocardial demand/workload
Myocardial ischemia patho
Coronary atherosclerosis results in myocardial ischemia
Oxygen demand of ventricle exceeds oxygen supply in the coronary arteries
Consequences of myocardial ischemia
Decreased ventricular contractility bc of lack of O2 Conduction disturbances (require some ATP)
Ischemic pain from myocardial ischemia
Stable angina pectoris: lasts a few minutes, relieved by rest.
Unstable angina pectoris: lasts 15-20 minutes, radiates, sign of an impending myocardial infarction
