Alterations Of Cardiovascular Function

Question 1

Primary hypertension

Answer 1

No obvious secondary cause

Genetics, diet, exercise and other risks

Hypertension is their main disease

Question 2

Secondary hypertension

Answer 2

Secondary cause (renal failure, drug-induced, adrenal tumors)

Due to another disease, side affect or complication

Question 3

Complicated hypertension

Answer 3

Signs of tissue/organ damage

Long term complications

Question 4

Arterial blood pressure regulation

Answer 4

SNS stimulation (effects of norepinephrine and epi)

Fight or flight response

Question 5

Alpha-1 adrenergic receptors

Answer 5

Vasoconstriction of systemic arteries/arterioles

• SNS
• norepinephrine
• when arteries constrict, it increases BP

Question 6

Beta-1 adrenergic receptors

Answer 6

Increased HR; increased strength of myocardial contraction; increased cardiac output

• conduction system of the heart
• B-1 receptors on heart muscle
  
  • increased contractility and cardiac output

Question 7

Role of SNS in hypertension

Answer 7

Increased secretion of catecholamines and/or increased receptor reactivity

-genetic mutation, environment (food, diet, exercise, other disease)

Question 8

Role of RAAS in hypertension

Answer 8

Over expression of the RAAS leads to vasoconstriction and Na+/H2O retention

-blocker drugs are effective

Question 9

Other roles in hypertension

Answer 9

Mutations in genes that code for proteins in the renal tubules causing inappropriate Na+ reabsorption

• African Americans more susceptible to these gene mutations, sensitive to Na+
• Na+ sophisticated diets can be as effective as BP meds

Question 10

Hemodynamics changes/consequences

Answer 10

Increase in systemic vascular resistance (SVR) with normal CO

Increased workload on the left ventricle
- maintains normal CO, but pumps out a lot more blood

Turbulence of high pressure blood causes shear stresses on vascular endothelium
-in blood vessels