Alterations in Child 's Fluid & Electrolyte & Skin Flashcards

Question

Tinea Capitis

Answer 1

Fungal infection affecting the scalp

Answer 2

Fungal infection affecting the groin

Answer 3

Fungal infection affecting the feet

Answer 4

Affecting any other parts of the body

Answer 5

Presents differently, hypopigmented lesions on upper body due to fungal infection

Answer 6

Sources: - Breastfedding infant - Corticosteroids - Antibiotics - Immunocompromised Treatment: - Nystatin or Clotrimazole (adult) Nursing Care: - Boil pacifier, bottles, nipples - Apply med w/ swab or swish and swallow

Answer 7

Common sites -Hand, skin and nails Dry scaly patches -May be circular -Immunocompromised Treatment -Keep area cleana and dry -Oral anti-fungals such as Griseofulvin. -Check pets and family members for infection

Answer 8

Affects about 85% of adolescents between the ages of 7-16 This occurs most frequently on the face, chest and back. Risk factors include pre or adolescent age, male gender( due to androgens), and oily conplexion. Management -Focuses on reduction of propionbacteriem acne, sebum production, normalizing skin shedding, and elimination inflammation. - Meds- benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, retinoids, and topical or oral antibiotics

Answer 9

Genetic Immune disorder Erythematous patches - Vesicles , crusts - Pruritus Nursing care -Wet dressings for oozing - Occlusive for moisture -Assess environment - Meds- antihistamine, corticosteriods, antibiotics, immunomodulators

Answer 10

Causes Antigenic substance exposure Allergy to nickle or cobalt in clothing, hardware, or dyes Exposure to highly allergenic plants; poison ivy, oak, and sumac Complications Secondary bacterial infections Licenification or hyperpigmentation - Meds- antihistamine, corticosteriods, antibiotics,

Answer 11

Inflammatory reaction of the skin in the diaper area. This is a non-immunologic response to a skin irritant - Prolonged exposure to urine and feces may lead to skin breakdown. Nursing care -Prevention is the best management -Frequent diaper changes - Topical agents such as vitamins A,D and E; zinc oxide, nystatin, or petrolatum

Answer 12

Inflammatory dermatitis that may occur to the skin or scalp. In infants it occur most often to the scalp and it is called Cradle cap - This usually resolves over weeks or months - In adolescents it usually develops on the scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes, behind the ears, and between the shoulder blades. Nursing care - Meds-antidandruff shampoo containing selenium sulfate, ketoconazole, corticosteroids

Answer 13

Transmitted from human hair Nits are attached to shaft Nursing Management -Assess with bright light and magnifying glass -Nit removal/pediculocide shampoo -Prevention/ envirnmental

Answer 14

Transmitted skin/skin Mite burrows in epidermis Papules, pustules, burrows Pruitus Nursing Management -Scabicide lotion -Prevention/ environmental

Answer 15

This a acute, self limiting hypersensitivity reaction. It may occur in response to a viral infections, such as Adenovirus or Epstein- Barr virus;Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection; or a drug( sulfa drug, penicillins or immunizations) or food reaction Stevens- Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis are the most severe form of erythema multiforme Nursing care -Management is generally supportive care because it resolves on its own

Answer 16

Children under 4 years. Working males Elderly over 70 years

Answer 17

Risks Associated with Age. Infant: thermal burns -Accident or abuse. Toddler : thermal, electrical, contact. -Exploration of environment Preschool : scalding, contact -Hot appliances School- Age and Adolescent: All Types -Experimentation In children the head is greater in proportion to other body parts or surface area and children have greater proportion - The head proportion decreases as they grow

Answer 18

Head and neck-smoke inhalation, lung damage, alteration in respirations. Circumferential- circular occlusion of chest or extremity. Electrical - causes deep damage, electrical conduction can affect the heart. Perineal-high risk of contamination

Answer 19

Superficial, Partial Thickness Loss Epidermis only, quick healing, sunburn

Answer 20

Partial Thickness Loss Epidermis plus upper dermis, 10-14 day healing, very painful.

Answer 21

Full Thickness Loss All layers, no pain, grafting required, underlying structures affected, no pain because nerves are destroyed

Answer 22

Increase in capillary permeability Plasma seeps into surrounding tissues, causing edema - Occurs from time of burn, first 24 +hours after the burn. Increased heart rate, decreased cardiac output. Decrease in blood flow Oliguria Increase in epinephrine, ADH, and aldosterone Fluid shifts from vascular to interstitial spaces, causing intracellular dehydration, and extracellular edema. Increase HCT Monitor VS, I &O's, give IV fluids, encourage po fluids, give blood replacement as ordered. Increased heart rate, decreased cardiac output. Metabolic acidosis state

Answer 23

Assess airway- HOB elevated, pulse ox. Maintain fluids(third spacing can lead to hypovolemic shock) Promote tissue perfusion- assess eschar carefully. Control pain- medicate before all dressing changes Prevent of infection-gown, gloves, mask

Answer 24

Escharotomy Debridement Grafting -Auto, Xeno, Homo Eye, lip, hand damage Perineal

Answer 25

Control Pain Prevent Infection Promote physical mobility Moniter for GI aleratons Ensure adequate nutrition and fluid balance Provide anxiety management Treat body- image issues.

Answer 26

Fluid calculation based on the body surface area burned (Fig. 45.22) Use of a crystalloid (Ringer’s lactate) during the first 24 hours; in smaller children, a small amount of dextrose may be added Administration of most of the volume during the first 8 hours (amounts and timing of fluid volume resuscitation will vary from child to child) Reassessment of the child and adjustment of the fluid rate accordingly; fluid requirements greatly decrease after 24 hours and should be adjusted to reflect this. Administration of a colloid fluid later in therapy once capillary permeability is less of a concern Monitoring of the child’s urine output as part of ongoing assessment of response to therapy, expecting at least 1 mL/kg/hr Daily weights obtained at the same time each day (the best indicator of fluid volume status) Monitoring of electrolyte levels (particularly sodium and potassium) for their return to normal levels

Answer 27

Inconsistent history given when caregivers are interviewed separately. Delay in seeking treatment by caregiver. Uniform appearance of the burn, with clear delineation of burned and nonburned area (as with a hot object applied to the skin). In the case of a scald-induced burn, lack of spattering of water but evidence of the so-called “porcelain-contact sparing,” where the portion of the child’s skin that was in contact with the tub or sink is not burned (commonly seen with a forced immersion in extremely hot water used as punishment). Flexor-sparing burns or burns that involve the dorsum of the hand. A stocking/glove pattern on the hands or feet (circumferential ring appearing around the extremity, resulting from a caregiver forcefully holding the child under extremely hot water)