Alteration In Renal Function Flashcards
It is located between Thoracic 12 and Lumbar 3
RIGHT KIDNEY
A pair of bean shaped organ
KIDNEY
Reddish brown; Contains the glomeruli, convoluted tubules, nd blood vessels
RENAL CORTEX
Deep fissure where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave the kidneys
HILUS
Each Pyramid forms the ____ of the Kidney
LOBE
Basic living unit of the kidney
NEPHRONS
Light colored, cone-shaped masses (renal pyramids) that are divided by the columns of cortex (i.e., columns of Bertin)
RENAL MEDULLA
Each lobule of kidney composed of nephrons which contains _____
GLOMERULUS
A wide, funnel-shaped at the upper end of the ureter
RENAL PELVIS
Two functions of Kidney
- EXCRETORY FUNCTION
- NON-EXCRETORY FUNCTION
Kidney is made up of ____ that drain the upper and lower halves of the kidney
CALYCES (Cup-like structures)
How many percentage of blood flow to the kidney passess through the cortex
10%
Normal pH
7.35-7.45
Normal pCO2
35- 45
Normal HCO3
22-28
It is also called the “Urine formation”
EXCRETORY FUNCTION
Nephrons is composed of:
- GLOMERULUS
- TUBULAR COMPONENT
If the pH is decreased & pCO2 is increased it is called ____
RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS
If the pCO2 is decreased & pH is increased it is called ____
RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS
If the pH is decreased & HCO2 is decreased it is called ____
METABOLIC ACIDOSIS
If the pH is increased & HCO2 is increased it is called ____
METABOLIC ALKALOSIS
If the pH is within Normal Limit it is called ____
FULLY COMPENSATED
If the pH is not within Normal limit, it is called ____
PARTIALLY COMPENSATED
If the pCO2 is NOT equal to HCO2, it is called ____
UNCOMPENSATED
If the pCO2 is on same with HCO2, it is called ____
COMPENSATED
Funstion of Nephrons/Excretion Function: Small substances pass across the walls of the capillaries into the renal tubule
GLOMERULAR FILTRATION
Funstion of Nephrons/Excretion Function: Useful substances which pass along the renal tubules are returned to the blood; salts, water, protein, and other important substances/particles needed by the body
TUBULAR REABSORPTION
Funstion of Nephrons/Excretion Function: Additional materials are gained (wastes & excess substances) from tubule cells and blood capillaries
TUBULAR SECRETION
Normal Glomerular Filtration Rate
90-125 ml/hr (180 L or 48 gal a day)
Normal urine output per hour
30 - 60 ml/hr
(30 range of intake only = 60 min per hour)
< 30 ml/hr of daily urine output
ANURIA
REGULATION OF GFR
- RENAL AUTOREGULATION
- HORMONAL REGULATION
- NEURAL REGULATION
The kidney Filters the blood in the ff:
- H2O
- HYDROGEN ION
- BUN
- CREATININE
- URIC ACID
- ELECTROLYTES
It promotes H2O Reabsorption by osmosis
Na+ REABSORPTION
Promotes passive reabsorption of other filtered solutes by simple diffusion
Na+ and H2O REABSOPTION
100% filters the nutrients, what are some of those?
GLUCOSE, AMINO CIDS, LACTIC ACIDS, AND OTHER USEFUL NUTRIENTS.
Symporter has a limit on how fast it can work
TRANSPORT MAXIMUM (TM)
It is also cause of urine volume will be larger than normal
RENAL THRESHOLD (mg/ml)
Loop of Henle
o35% of filtered Cl-
o30% of filtered K+
o20% of filtered Na+
o15 % of filtered H2O
H2O is obliged to follow the solutes in the PCT, DLH and DCT
OBLIGATORY WATER REABSORPTION
What is the hormone responsible for retaining water in the body in hypovolemia?
VASOPRESSIN
The kidneys respond to acid base imbalances by:
ELIMINATING MORE BICARBONATE
Sudden and severe drop in blood
pressure (shock) or interruption
of blood flow to the kidneys from
severe injury or illness
PRE RENAL
Direct damage to the kidneys
loviniammaton. foxins. druas
infection, or reduced blood supply
INTRA RENAL
Sudden obstruction of urine flow
due to enlarged prostate, kidney
stones, bladder tumor, or injury
POST RENAL
Occurs when impaired blood flow that leads to HYPOPERFUSION of the kidneys and decreased GFR. Also called “Before the kidney”
PRE RENAL
Occurs when there is parenchymal damage to the glomeruli and/or kidney tubules. “In the Kidneys”
INTRA RENAL
Occurs when there is an obstruction in the distal part of the kidneys (ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra) that often leads to rise in pressure in the kidney tubules and ↓ GFR.
POST RENAL
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION of CRF: Fatigue, lethargy, sleep disturbances, headache, seizures, encephalopathy, peripheral neuropathy including restless leg syndrome, paraesthesia, motor weakness, paralysis
NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION of CRF: Anemia, bleeding tendency – due in part to platelet dysfunction.
HEMATOLOGICAL DISORDERS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION of CRF: Pericarditis, hypertension, congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, myocardiopathy
CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION of CRF: Pleuritis, uremic lung (fetor)
PULMONARY DISORDERS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION of CRF: Anorexia, nausea, vomiting gastroenteritis, GI bleeding, peptic
GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION of CRF: Glucose intolerance, hyperlipidemia, hyperuricemia, malnutrition, sexual dysfunction and infertility
METABOLIC- ENDOCRINE DISORDERS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION of CRF: Hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, tetany, metastatic calcification, secondary hyperparathyroidism, 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D deficiency, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, osteosclerosis
BONE, CALCIUM, PHOSPHORUS DISORDERS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION of CRF: Pruritus, pigmentation, easy bruising, uremic frost
SKIN DISORDERS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION of CRF: Depression, anxiety, denial, psychosis
PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION of CRF: Hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hypermagnesemia, metabolic acidosis, volume expansion or depletion
FLUID AND ELECTROLYTES DISORDERS
Phases of ARF (Acute Renal Failure)
- OLIGURIA
- POLYURIA
- RECOVERY PERIOD
The rapid loss of renal function over a period of days or weeks; typically in critically ill patients
ACUTE RENAL FAILURE
Slow, usually insidious loss of function occurring over a period of months or years; becomes irreversible at some point
Exact cause is unknown
CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE
Equilibrium between the forces of filtering fluid out of the capillaries and forces absorbing fluid back into the capillary
STARLING’S LAW OF CAPILLARIES
Retention of other metabolic waste products and levels in your blood are too high
AZOTEMIA
Medical term for low urine output
OLIGURIA
3 Causes of Acute Renal Failure
- PRE RENAL
- INTRA RENAL
- POST RENAL