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MEDICAL SURGICAL - 2 > Alteration In Renal Function > Flashcards

Alteration In Renal Function Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

It is located between Thoracic 12 and Lumbar 3

A

RIGHT KIDNEY

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2
Q

A pair of bean shaped organ

A

KIDNEY

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3
Q

Reddish brown; Contains the glomeruli, convoluted tubules, nd blood vessels

A

RENAL CORTEX

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4
Q

Deep fissure where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave the kidneys

A

HILUS

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5
Q

Each Pyramid forms the ____ of the Kidney

A

LOBE

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6
Q

Basic living unit of the kidney

A

NEPHRONS

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7
Q

Light colored, cone-shaped masses (renal pyramids) that are divided by the columns of cortex (i.e., columns of Bertin)

A

RENAL MEDULLA

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8
Q

Each lobule of kidney composed of nephrons which contains _____

A

GLOMERULUS

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9
Q

A wide, funnel-shaped at the upper end of the ureter

A

RENAL PELVIS

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10
Q

Two functions of Kidney

A
  1. EXCRETORY FUNCTION
  2. NON-EXCRETORY FUNCTION
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11
Q

Kidney is made up of ____ that drain the upper and lower halves of the kidney

A

CALYCES (Cup-like structures)

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12
Q

How many percentage of blood flow to the kidney passess through the cortex

A

10%

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13
Q

Normal pH

A

7.35-7.45

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14
Q

Normal pCO2

A

35- 45

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15
Q

Normal HCO3

A

22-28

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16
Q

It is also called the “Urine formation”

A

EXCRETORY FUNCTION

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17
Q

Nephrons is composed of:

A
  1. GLOMERULUS
  2. TUBULAR COMPONENT
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18
Q

If the pH is decreased & pCO2 is increased it is called ____

A

RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS

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19
Q

If the pCO2 is decreased & pH is increased it is called ____

A

RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS

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20
Q

If the pH is decreased & HCO2 is decreased it is called ____

A

METABOLIC ACIDOSIS

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21
Q

If the pH is increased & HCO2 is increased it is called ____

A

METABOLIC ALKALOSIS

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22
Q

If the pH is within Normal Limit it is called ____

A

FULLY COMPENSATED

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23
Q

If the pH is not within Normal limit, it is called ____

A

PARTIALLY COMPENSATED

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24
Q

If the pCO2 is NOT equal to HCO2, it is called ____

A

UNCOMPENSATED

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25
Q

If the pCO2 is on same with HCO2, it is called ____

A

COMPENSATED

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26
Q

Funstion of Nephrons/Excretion Function: Small substances pass across the walls of the capillaries into the renal tubule

A

GLOMERULAR FILTRATION

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27
Q

Funstion of Nephrons/Excretion Function: Useful substances which pass along the renal tubules are returned to the blood; salts, water, protein, and other important substances/particles needed by the body

A

TUBULAR REABSORPTION

28
Q

Funstion of Nephrons/Excretion Function: Additional materials are gained (wastes & excess substances) from tubule cells and blood capillaries

A

TUBULAR SECRETION

29
Q

Normal Glomerular Filtration Rate

A

90-125 ml/hr (180 L or 48 gal a day)

30
Q

Normal urine output per hour

A

30 - 60 ml/hr
(30 range of intake only = 60 min per hour)

31
Q

< 30 ml/hr of daily urine output

A

ANURIA

32
Q

REGULATION OF GFR

A
  1. RENAL AUTOREGULATION
  2. HORMONAL REGULATION
  3. NEURAL REGULATION
33
Q

The kidney Filters the blood in the ff:

A
  1. H2O
  2. HYDROGEN ION
  3. BUN
  4. CREATININE
  5. URIC ACID
  6. ELECTROLYTES
34
Q

It promotes H2O Reabsorption by osmosis

A

Na+ REABSORPTION

35
Q

Promotes passive reabsorption of other filtered solutes by simple diffusion

A

Na+ and H2O REABSOPTION

36
Q

100% filters the nutrients, what are some of those?

A

GLUCOSE, AMINO CIDS, LACTIC ACIDS, AND OTHER USEFUL NUTRIENTS.

37
Q

Symporter has a limit on how fast it can work

A

TRANSPORT MAXIMUM (TM)

38
Q

It is also cause of urine volume will be larger than normal

A

RENAL THRESHOLD (mg/ml)

39
Q

Loop of Henle

A

o35% of filtered Cl-
o30% of filtered K+
o20% of filtered Na+
o15 % of filtered H2O

40
Q

H2O is obliged to follow the solutes in the PCT, DLH and DCT

A

OBLIGATORY WATER REABSORPTION

41
Q

What is the hormone responsible for retaining water in the body in hypovolemia?

A

VASOPRESSIN

42
Q

The kidneys respond to acid base imbalances by:

A

ELIMINATING MORE BICARBONATE

43
Q

Sudden and severe drop in blood
pressure (shock) or interruption
of blood flow to the kidneys from
severe injury or illness

A

PRE RENAL

44
Q

Direct damage to the kidneys
loviniammaton. foxins. druas
infection, or reduced blood supply

A

INTRA RENAL

45
Q

Sudden obstruction of urine flow
due to enlarged prostate, kidney
stones, bladder tumor, or injury

A

POST RENAL

46
Q

Occurs when impaired blood flow that leads to HYPOPERFUSION of the kidneys and decreased GFR. Also called “Before the kidney”

A

PRE RENAL

47
Q

Occurs when there is parenchymal damage to the glomeruli and/or kidney tubules. “In the Kidneys”

A

INTRA RENAL

48
Q

Occurs when there is an obstruction in the distal part of the kidneys (ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra) that often leads to rise in pressure in the kidney tubules and ↓ GFR.

A

POST RENAL

49
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATION of CRF: Fatigue, lethargy, sleep disturbances, headache, seizures, encephalopathy, peripheral neuropathy including restless leg syndrome, paraesthesia, motor weakness, paralysis

A

NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS

50
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATION of CRF: Anemia, bleeding tendency – due in part to platelet dysfunction.

A

HEMATOLOGICAL DISORDERS

51
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATION of CRF: Pericarditis, hypertension, congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, myocardiopathy

A

CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS

52
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATION of CRF: Pleuritis, uremic lung (fetor)

A

PULMONARY DISORDERS

53
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATION of CRF: Anorexia, nausea, vomiting gastroenteritis, GI bleeding, peptic

A

GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS

54
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATION of CRF: Glucose intolerance, hyperlipidemia, hyperuricemia, malnutrition, sexual dysfunction and infertility

A

METABOLIC- ENDOCRINE DISORDERS

55
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATION of CRF: Hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, tetany, metastatic calcification, secondary hyperparathyroidism, 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D deficiency, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, osteosclerosis

A

BONE, CALCIUM, PHOSPHORUS DISORDERS

56
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATION of CRF: Pruritus, pigmentation, easy bruising, uremic frost

A

SKIN DISORDERS

57
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATION of CRF: Depression, anxiety, denial, psychosis

A

PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

58
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATION of CRF: Hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hypermagnesemia, metabolic acidosis, volume expansion or depletion

A

FLUID AND ELECTROLYTES DISORDERS

59
Q

Phases of ARF (Acute Renal Failure)

A
  1. OLIGURIA
  2. POLYURIA
  3. RECOVERY PERIOD
60
Q

The rapid loss of renal function over a period of days or weeks; typically in critically ill patients

A

ACUTE RENAL FAILURE

61
Q

Slow, usually insidious loss of function occurring over a period of months or years; becomes irreversible at some point
Exact cause is unknown

A

CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE

62
Q

Equilibrium between the forces of filtering fluid out of the capillaries and forces absorbing fluid back into the capillary

A

STARLING’S LAW OF CAPILLARIES

63
Q

Retention of other metabolic waste products and levels in your blood are too high

A

AZOTEMIA

64
Q

Medical term for low urine output

A

OLIGURIA

65
Q

3 Causes of Acute Renal Failure

A
  1. PRE RENAL
  2. INTRA RENAL
  3. POST RENAL

MEDICAL SURGICAL - 2 (2 decks)

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