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Block 13 - The Development of Cardiorespiratory Disease > ALS Lecture 3 - Acute Respiratory Infection and Pneumonia DONE > Flashcards

ALS Lecture 3 - Acute Respiratory Infection and Pneumonia DONE Flashcards

1
Q

physical/anatomical defence mechanism of respiratory tract (2)

A
  • nasal hair filters particles

- nasal turbinates act as baffles

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2
Q

physiological/mechanical defence mechanism of respiratory tract (4)

A

mucus, cilia, sneezing, coughing

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3
Q

innate immunity defence mechanism of respiratory tract (2)

A

alveolar macrophages, antimicrobial substances

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4
Q

acquired immunity defence mechanism of respiratory tract (1)

A

specific IgA secretion

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5
Q

cough reflex is mediated by

A

sensory nerves in pharynx, motor nerves

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6
Q

mucociliary escalator

A

push mucus up and out

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7
Q

label the diagram of the mucociliary escalator

A

done

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8
Q

cells protecting our lungs via innate immunity (8)

A

alveolar macrophage, tissue macrophage, dendritic cell, mast cells, eosinophils, innate lymphoid cells, cytokines, antimicrobial peptides

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9
Q

humoral immunity is mainly

A

antibodies from B lymphocytes

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10
Q

antibody in upper airways

A

secretory IgA, antibacterial, antiviral

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11
Q

antibodies that reach airways via blood vessels

A

IgG, IgM

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12
Q

alveoli contain which antibody?

A

IgG

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13
Q

acquired immunity is mostly controlled by

A

T-lymphocytes

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14
Q

acquired immunity is very important for adaptive immunity against

A

intracellular pathogens, e.g. Mycobacteria, Legionella

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15
Q

flowchart of acquired immunity process

A

inhaled antigens cross epithelium –> APC –> BALT –> memory T + effector cells

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16
Q

commensalism is a relationship between two organisms where

A

one benefits, other unaffected

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17
Q

infection is the presence of a

A

microorganism damaging body tissues

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18
Q

opportunistic infection is an infection caused by a microorganism that

A

doesn’t usually cause disease, becomes pathogenic when defences compromised

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19
Q

label the diagram of the upper respiratory tract and the bacteria that colonise them

A

done

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20
Q

commensals/colonisers of the respiratory tract include

A

Viridans streptococci, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae

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21
Q

colinisation

A

no harmful effects, host defences keep microorganisms at bay

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22
Q

infection

A

destruction/invasion/production of toxins

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23
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae is the commonest cause of

A

bacterial pneumonia

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24
Q

Haemophilus influenzae is the commonest cause of

A

acute bacterial bronchitis

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25
Q

Staphylococcus aureus produces

A

toxins that kill tissue (lung cavity)

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26
Q

Gram negatives, e.g. Klebsiella species are common in

A

immunocompromised patients, in hospitals

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27
Q

group A streptococus is rarely

A

in lung

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28
Q

Legionella pneumoniae

A

no cell wall, intracellular, abx on cell wall won’t work

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29
Q

bacteria that have no cell wall, intracellular, abx on cell wall won’t work

A

legionella pneumoniae, mycoplasma pneumoniae, chlamydophila pneumoniae

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30
Q

URTIs can occur anywhere in the airway above

A

epiglottis

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31
Q

common symptoms of URTIs include (8)

A

nasal congestion, runny nose, sore throat, cough, sneezing, headache, facial pain, fever

32
Q

LRTIs occur in the airway below

A

glottis

33
Q

leading cause of death amongst all infectious diseases

A

LRTIs

34
Q

acute bronchitis is

A

trachea-bronchial tree inflammation

35
Q

symptoms of acute bronchitis (4)

A

cough, SOB, wheeze, chest pain

36
Q

in acute bronchitis, chest x-ray is

A

normal

37
Q

viruses that cause acute bronchitis (5)

A

rhinovirus, coronavirus, adenovirus, parainfluenza, influenza A/B

38
Q

bacteria that cause acute bronchitis (4)

A

Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococus aureus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae

39
Q

exacerbations of COPD occur in patients with

A

COPD

40
Q

COPD exacerbations have sustained increase in COPD symptoms such as (3)

A

SOB, cough, wheeze

41
Q

pathologically, exacerbations of COPD are

A

acute bronchitis on top of COPD

42
Q

COPD exacerbations can be (2)

A

infective, non-infective

43
Q

what suggests bacterial infection in COPD exacerbations? (2)

A

sputum volume, purulence

44
Q

in COPD exacerbations, chest x-ray is

A

normal

45
Q

lung consolidation is when the air in alveoli is

A

replaced with something else (e.g. blood, pus, water, cells)

46
Q

the difference between acute bronchitis and pneumonia is that with pneumonia

A

we see consolidation on CXR

47
Q

pneumonia is

A

symptoms/signs of acute LRTI with new x-ray findings

48
Q

label the x-ray of pneumonia

A

done

49
Q

in a classical pneumonia picture there is _____ of the lung but the ___ are open

A

consolidation, bronchi

50
Q

air bronchogram

A

on CXR, can see open bronchi (black lines within consolidation)

51
Q

different classifications on pneumonia (6)

A

lobar, bronchopneumonia, community, nosocomial, typical, atypical

52
Q

lobar pneumonia involves a

A

whole/large are of lobe

53
Q

bronchopneumonia is inflammation from

A

walls of bronchioles with foci consolidation

54
Q

community acquired pneumonia is

A

seen by GP or new hosp admission

55
Q

nosocomial pneumonia is when a pt

A

in hosp >48hrs, recently discharged (includes VAP)

56
Q

typical pneumonia-causing organism is

A

S. pneumoniae

57
Q

atypical pneumonia-causing organisms are (3)

A

Legionella pneumophila, Mycoplasma, Chlamydia

58
Q

most commonly used classifications on pneumonia are

A

community/nosocomial

59
Q

community/nosocomial classifications are most used because they

A

help us predict which pathogen

60
Q

bacteria that cause CAP include (7)

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Chlamydophila psittaci, Coxiella burnetii, Staphylococcus aureus

61
Q

viruses that cause CAP include (5)

A

influenza, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human metapneumovirus (hMPV), adenovirus

62
Q

most common symptoms of CAP (4)

A

chills, fever, pleurisy, cough

63
Q

blood tests of CAP (2)

A

high WCC, C-reactive protein (CRP)

64
Q

Legionella pneumophila resides in

A

warm water (e.g. air conditioning)

65
Q

Legionella pneumophila causes 2 syndromes

A

Legionnaire’s disease, Pontiac fever

66
Q

Legionella pneumophila on chest x-ray shows

A

patchy consolidation

67
Q

Legionella pneumophila urine test

A

urine antigen

68
Q

Legionella pneumophila treatment

A

macrolide or quinolone, penicillins won’t work

69
Q

Mycoplasma pneumoniae CXR test

A

rapid molecular testing of URT swab

70
Q

Mycoplasma pneumoniae treatment

A

macrolide, tetracycline

71
Q

common pathogens that cause hospital acquired pneumonia

A

Klebsiella spp, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus/MRSA

72
Q

risk factors for pneumonia (6)

A

intubation, smoking, alcohol, sepsis, immunosupression, drugs

73
Q

label the symptoms of infectious pneumonia diagram

A

done

74
Q

diagnosis for pneumonia (4)

A

history, examination, imaging, bloods

75
Q

blood tests for pneumonia

A

FBC, U&Es, LFT, CRP

76
Q

fill in the diagram of CURB-65 score to assess pneumonia severity

A

done

Block 13 - The Development of Cardiorespiratory Disease (14 decks)

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