Alpha, Beta and Gamma

Question 1

Explain construction and properties of Alpha particles

Answer 1

2 X Protons and 2 X Neutrons
positively charged
charge of + 2
intense ionisation
mass of 4. Written as :

4 = mass = P+N
– alpha
2 = atomic no = Protons

Particle
large and heavy
easily stopped and not penetrating
dangerous if swallowed or inhaled
mutates and kills delicate internal living cells
can lead to lung cancer

Alpha particles, although having the least penetration, dissipate their energy in a much smaller volume of tissue than beta particles, which can travel slightly further. The more concentrated the effects of radiation, the more likely, therefore, is the chance of serious cell damage.

Question 2

Explain construction and properties of Beta particles

Answer 2

fast moving
has a small mass
less ionising than Alpha
written as

0 mass = P + N

• • Beta
• 1 atomic number = P

negative charge as its an electron
can cause burns and surface tissue damage
if ingested serious damage

Question 3

Explain construction and properties of Gamma waves

Answer 3

high energy electromagnetic wave
caused by changes in nucleus
travels at speed of light
no mass
no charge
damages living cells

Question 4

compare alpha beta and gamma penetrating powers

Answer 4

range power paper 5mm alu lead
ionising

Alpha 3-5cm high no no no
Beta 1m ionising yes no no
Gamma long way weak yes yes most no