Allophonic Transcription

Question 1

Devoicing of obstruents

Answer 1

[ ̊ ] or [ ̥ ]
Voiced consonants

Voiceless sounds become voiceless when next to silence (is at the beginning or end of word) or a voiceless sound.

Question 2

Devoicing of approximants

Answer 2

[ ̊ ] or [ ̥ ]
/ʋ ɹ j w ɥ l lˠ ʎ/ (approximants)

Devoiced when it occurs in a cluster after /ptk/ in the onset of a stressed syllable.

Question 3

Aspiration

Answer 3

[ h ] (^)
/ptk/ (voiceless plosives)

In the onset of a stressed syllable.

Question 4

Unaspirated

Answer 4

[ = ] (^)
/ptk/

When in an /s/ cluster in the onset of a stressed syllable.

Question 5

Voicing of /h/

Answer 5

[ɦ ]
/h/

When between vowels.

Question 6

Retraction of velars

Answer 6

[ _ ]
/k g ŋ x ɣ/

When before back vowels ([ɯ u o ʌ ɔ ɑ ɒ]) and /w/.

Question 7

Advancements of velars

Answer 7

[ + ] (small_)
/k g ŋ x ɣ/

Velars are advanced infront of high vowels ([i y ɨ ʉ u]).

Question 8

Retraction of alveolars

Answer 8

[ _ ]
/t d/

Alveolar stops are retracted before postalveolar (/ʃ ʒ tʃ dʒ /) and /ɹ/.

Question 9

Dental realisation of alveolars

Answer 9

[ ̪ ]
Plosives, nasals, and /l/

Alveolars are realised as dental before a dental fricative.

Question 10

Labiodental realisation

Answer 10

[ ̪ ]
Bilabials

When before a labiodental fricative, bilabials are realised as labiodentals.

Question 11

Velarisation

Answer 11

[ ˠ ]
/l/

/l/ is velarized when syllabic (e.g. in ‘bottle’), in the coda (but a vowel doesn’t follow), and any consonant preceding the /l/.

Question 12

Labialisation

Answer 12

[ w ] (^)
Any consonant before /w/

Any consonant before /w/ or a round vowel.

Question 13

Palatalisation

Answer 13

[ j ] (^)
Any non-velar consonant

Any non-velar consonant is palatised before /j/ and front vowels.

Question 14

Nasalisation

Answer 14

[ ~ ]
Approximants /ɹ j w l/ and vowels

Approximants and vowels are nasalised up to two segments before and one segment after a nasal.

Question 15

Nasal approach/release of plosives

Answer 15

[ n ] (^)
Nasals and plosives which only differ by manner

Before or after a homorganic plosive e.g. [bɛnnt] or [bʌtnn].

Question 16

Lateral approach/ release of /td/

Answer 16

[ l ] (^)
Plosives

Plosives will be laterally released when before or after /l/ e.g. [wɪtll] or [wɪllt].

Question 17

Ejective release

Answer 17

[ ‘ ]
Voiceless plosive

Before a pause e.g. [kɪk’]

Question 18

Narrow release

Answer 18

[ sz etc. ] (^)
Plosives

Plosives are released before a homorganic fricative e.g. [bɛtss].

Question 19

Inaudible release

Answer 19

[ ˺ ]
Plosives

Plosives are inaudibly released before:

1. A pause (optional)
2. A heterorganic plosive (different place) [kwɪk˺ taɪm]
3. A heterorganic fricative (different place) [kwɪk˺ stɛp]

Question 20

Unreleased plosives

Answer 20

[ ̊ ]
Plosive

Before a homorganic plosive (optional) e.g. [ɡʊd˚ deɪ].

Question 21

Pre-fortis clipping of vowels

Answer 21

[ ɑ̆ ] (ignore the a)
Vowels

Before a voiceless obstruent in the same syllable e.g. [pə̆lĭs].