Allomorphs & Assimilation, Linking Flashcards
The different allomorphs of morpheme {D}
- /t/ after voiceless consonants except /t/
- /d/ after vowels and voiced consonants except /d/
- /ɪd/ after /d,t/
-> complementary distribution
Three different allomorphs of morpheme {S}
- /s/ after voiceless consonants except /s, ʃ, tʃ/
- /z/ after vowels and voiced consonants except /z, ʒ, dʒ/
- /ɪz/ after /z, s, ʒ, ʃ, dʒ, tʃ/
-> complementary distribution
Example: <stopped></stopped>
- /stɒpt/
- /t/ after voiceless consonants except /t/
Example: <filled></filled>
- /fɪld/
- /d/ after vowels and voiced consonants except /d/
Example: <added> / <wanted/</added>
- /ˈædɪd/
- /ˈwɒntɪd/
-> /ɪd/ after /d,t/
Example: <lights></lights>
- /laɪts/
- /s/ after voiceless consonants except /s, ʃ, tʃ/
Example: <cows></cows>
- /kaʊz/
- /z/ after vowels and voiced consonants except /z, ʒ, dʒ/
allomorph
- allo = other, different
- two or more actual representations of a morpheme
- one of the variant forms assumed by a single morpheme in different circumstances
- allomorphs are phonemic representations of morphemes
{S} morpheme indicating
- plural
- genitive
- 3rd person present tense indicative active
Example: <roses> / <glasses></glasses></roses>
- /ˈrəʊzɪz/
- /ˈglɑsɪz/
- /ɪz/ after /z, s, ʒ, ʃ, dʒ, tʃ/
{ed/D} morpheme indicating
- past simple
- past participle
Juncture
- boundary signals between elements
hiatus / 1. Pause
(latin for gap)
- can be found within words (e.g. reassure)
- or between words (e.g. far away)
> occurs when two consecutive vowels are found that belong to different syllables or words
liaison
- the hiatus is removed and the vowels are linked
> “liaison is a link between sounds or words through the insertion of an additional sound, again usually for ease of pronunciation” (Skandera/Burleigh)
liaison
- four common ways of liaison/linking
- linking /r/
- intrusive /r/
- intrusive /j/
- intrusive /w/
Intrusive /r/
- if the first word ends in /ɑː, ɔː, ə/
- e.g. law and order
Linking /r/
- broad phonetic transcription
- appears in normal size and position
- is only a feature of non-rhotic varieties
- can but must not be realized in the broad phonetic transcription
Intrusive /r/
- broad phonetic transcription
- appears as a small superscript
- is attached to the preceding word
- can but must not be included in the broad phonetic transcription
Example: <far>
- Linking /r/</far>
- /fɑːrəˈwɛɪ/ BrE
linking /r/
- r-sound appears in the spelling as letter <r>
> "a link between words trough the articulation of a normally unarticulated word-final /r/, which is articulated only when preceded by a vowel in the same word, and followed by an initial vowel in the next word." (Skandera/Burleigh)</r> - Linking /r/ after centering diphthongs /ə/ and /ɑː/ and /ɜː/
intrusive /w/
- if a word ends in the vowels /uː, u, aʊ, əʊ/ a linking /w/ is used in the same way
> this is also possible within a word
Example: <visa>
- intrusive /r/</visa>
- /ˈviːsəʳ æplɪkeɪʃn/ BrE
intrusive /j/
- can occur if a word ends with either the vowels /i, iː, eɪ, aɪ, ɔɪ/
regressive assimilation
- assimilation typically affects consonants
regressive assimilation
- word final /n/
- in medicine = /im medɪsɪn/ > before bilabial
- on call = /ɒŋ kɔːl/ > before velar (/g, k, ŋ/)
regressive assimilation
- word final /d/
- good boy = /gʊb bɔːɪ/ > before bilabial /p, b, m/
- good gracious = /gʊg greɪʃəs/ > before velar
regressive assimilation
- word final /t/
- hot potato = /hɒp pəteɪtəʊ/ > before bilabial /p, b, m/
- eight goals = /eɪk geʊlzl/ > before velar
regressive assimilation
- word final /s/ or /z/
- this shop = /ðɪʃ ʃɒp/ > before post-alveolar /ʃ, tʃ, dʒ/ => /ʃ, ʒ/
intrusive /r, j, w/
- appears as a small superscript and often with a linking symbol
- it is attached to the preceding word
- must not be included in broad phonetic transcription
progressive assimilation
- assimilation to voicing
coalescence
- merging of two phonemes to form a single new one
coalescence
- /t/ + /j/ = /tʃ/
- /d/ + /j/ = /dʒ/
- /s/ + /j/ = /ʃ/
- /z/ + /j/ = /ʒ/
Which processes are indicated in broad phonetic transcription?
- progressive assimilation is indicated
- regressive assimilation and coalescence are NOT indicated
assimilation
- definition
“the articulation of one sound is influenced by articulation of a neighbouring sound in that a speech organ either prolongs a distinctive feature of a preceding sound or anticipates a distinctive feature of a following sound.”
