Allomorphs & Assimilation, Linking

Question 1

The different allomorphs of morpheme {D}

Answer 1

• /t/ after voiceless consonants except /t/
• /d/ after vowels and voiced consonants except /d/
• /ɪd/ after /d,t/
  -> complementary distribution

Question 2

Three different allomorphs of morpheme {S}

Answer 2

• /s/ after voiceless consonants except /s, ʃ, tʃ/
• /z/ after vowels and voiced consonants except /z, ʒ, dʒ/
• /ɪz/ after /z, s, ʒ, ʃ, dʒ, tʃ/
  -> complementary distribution

Question 3

Example: <stopped></stopped>

Answer 3

• /stɒpt/
• /t/ after voiceless consonants except /t/

Question 4

Example: <filled></filled>

Answer 4

• /fɪld/
• /d/ after vowels and voiced consonants except /d/

Question 5

Example: <added> / <wanted/</added>

Answer 5

• /ˈædɪd/
• /ˈwɒntɪd/
  -> /ɪd/ after /d,t/

Question 6

Example: <lights></lights>

Answer 6

• /laɪts/
• /s/ after voiceless consonants except /s, ʃ, tʃ/

Question 7

Example: <cows></cows>

Answer 7

• /kaʊz/
• /z/ after vowels and voiced consonants except /z, ʒ, dʒ/

Question 8

allomorph

Answer 8

• allo = other, different
• two or more actual representations of a morpheme
• one of the variant forms assumed by a single morpheme in different circumstances
• allomorphs are phonemic representations of morphemes

Question 9

{S} morpheme indicating

Answer 9

• plural
• genitive
• 3rd person present tense indicative active

Question 10

Example: <roses> / <glasses></glasses></roses>

Answer 10

• /ˈrəʊzɪz/
• /ˈglɑsɪz/
• /ɪz/ after /z, s, ʒ, ʃ, dʒ, tʃ/

Question 11

{ed/D} morpheme indicating

Answer 11

• past simple
• past participle

Question 12

Juncture

Answer 12

• boundary signals between elements

Question 13

hiatus / 1. Pause
(latin for gap)

Answer 13

• can be found within words (e.g. reassure)
• or between words (e.g. far away)
  > occurs when two consecutive vowels are found that belong to different syllables or words

Question 14

liaison

Answer 14

• the hiatus is removed and the vowels are linked
  > “liaison is a link between sounds or words through the insertion of an additional sound, again usually for ease of pronunciation” (Skandera/Burleigh)

Question 15

liaison
- four common ways of liaison/linking

Answer 15

• linking /r/
• intrusive /r/
• intrusive /j/
• intrusive /w/

Question 16

Intrusive /r/

Answer 16

• if the first word ends in /ɑː, ɔː, ə/
• e.g. law and order

Question 17

Linking /r/
- broad phonetic transcription

Answer 17

• appears in normal size and position
• is only a feature of non-rhotic varieties
• can but must not be realized in the broad phonetic transcription

Question 18

Intrusive /r/
- broad phonetic transcription

Answer 18

• appears as a small superscript
• is attached to the preceding word
• can but must not be included in the broad phonetic transcription

Question 19

Example: <far>
- Linking /r/</far>

Answer 19

• /fɑːrəˈwɛɪ/ BrE

Question 20

linking /r/

Answer 20

• r-sound appears in the spelling as letter <r>
  > "a link between words trough the articulation of a normally unarticulated word-final /r/, which is articulated only when preceded by a vowel in the same word, and followed by an initial vowel in the next word." (Skandera/Burleigh)</r>
• Linking /r/ after centering diphthongs /ə/ and /ɑː/ and /ɜː/

Question 21

intrusive /w/

Answer 21

• if a word ends in the vowels /uː, u, aʊ, əʊ/ a linking /w/ is used in the same way
  > this is also possible within a word

Question 22

Example: <visa>
- intrusive /r/</visa>

Answer 22

• /ˈviːsəʳ æplɪkeɪʃn/ BrE

Question 23

intrusive /j/

Answer 23

• can occur if a word ends with either the vowels /i, iː, eɪ, aɪ, ɔɪ/

Question 24

regressive assimilation

Answer 24

• assimilation typically affects consonants

Question 25

regressive assimilation - word final /n/

Answer 25

- in medicine = /im medɪsɪn/ > before bilabial - on call = /ɒŋ kɔːl/ > before velar (/g, k, ŋ/)

Question 26

regressive assimilation - word final /d/

Answer 26

- good boy = /gʊb bɔːɪ/ > before bilabial /p, b, m/ - good gracious = /gʊg greɪʃəs/ > before velar

Question 27

regressive assimilation - word final /t/

Answer 27

- hot potato = /hɒp pəteɪtəʊ/ > before bilabial /p, b, m/ - eight goals = /eɪk geʊlzl/ > before velar

Question 28

regressive assimilation - word final /s/ or /z/

Answer 28

- this shop = /ðɪʃ ʃɒp/ > before post-alveolar /ʃ, tʃ, dʒ/ => /ʃ, ʒ/

Question 29

intrusive /r, j, w/

Answer 29

- appears as a small superscript and often with a linking symbol - it is attached to the preceding word - must not be included in broad phonetic transcription

Question 30

progressive assimilation

Answer 30

- assimilation to voicing

Question 31

coalescence

Answer 31

- merging of two phonemes to form a single new one

Question 32

coalescence

Answer 32

- /t/ + /j/ = /tʃ/ - /d/ + /j/ = /dʒ/ - /s/ + /j/ = /ʃ/ - /z/ + /j/ = /ʒ/

Question 33

Which processes are indicated in broad phonetic transcription?

Answer 33

- progressive assimilation is indicated - regressive assimilation and coalescence are NOT indicated

Question 34

assimilation - definition

Answer 34

"the articulation of one sound is influenced by articulation of a neighbouring sound in that a speech organ either prolongs a distinctive feature of a preceding sound or anticipates a distinctive feature of a following sound."