Allomorphs & Assimilation, Linking Flashcards
The different allomorphs of morpheme {D}
- /t/ after voiceless consonants except /t/
- /d/ after vowels and voiced consonants except /d/
- /ɪd/ after /d,t/
=> complementary distribution
Three different allomorphs of morpheme {S}
- /s/ after voiceless consonants except /s, ʃ, tʃ/
- /z/ after vowels and voiced consonants except /z, ʒ, dʒ/
- /ɪz/ after /z, s, ʒ, ʃ, dʒ, tʃ/
=> complementary distribution
Example: <stopped></stopped>
- /stɒpt/
- /t/ after voiceless consonants except /t/
Example: <filled></filled>
- /fɪld/
- /d/ after vowels and voiced consonants except /d/
Example: <added> & <wanted></wanted></added>
- /’ædɪd/
- /’wɒntɪd/
- /ɪd/ after /d,t/
Example: <lights></lights>
- /laɪts/
- /s/ after voiceless consonants except /s, ʃ, tʃ/
Example: <cows></cows>
- /kaʊz/
- /z/ after vowels and voiced consonants except /z, ʒ, dʒ/
Example: <roses> & <glasses></glasses></roses>
- /’rəʊzɪz/
- /’glɑːsɪz/
- /ɪz/ after /z, s, ʒ, ʃ, dʒ, tʃ/
allomorph
- allo = other, differen
- two or more actual representations of a morpheme
- one of the variant forms assumed by a single morpheme in different circumstances
- allomorphs are phonemic representations of morphemes
{S} morpheme indicating
- plural
- genitive
- 3rd person present tense indicative active
{ed/D} morpheme indicating
- past simple
- past participle
Juncture
boundary signals between elements
hiatus
gap at a syllable boundary or word boundary
=> occurs where two consecutive vowels are found that belong to different syllables or words
liaison
the hiatus is removed and the vowels are linked
=> “liaision is a link between sounds or words through the insertion of a additional sound, again usually for ease of pronuciation” (Skandera/ Burleigh)
liaison
- four common ways of liaison/ linking
- linking r//
- intrusive /r/
- intrusive /j/
- intrusive /w/
Linking /r/
- r-sound appears in the spelling as letter <r>
=> "a link between words through the articulation of a normally unarticulated word-final /r/, which is articulated only when preceded by a vowel in the same word, and followed by an initial vowel in the next word." (Skandera/Burleigh)</r> - Linking /r/ after centring diphthongs /ə/ and /ɑː/ and /ɜː/
Example: <far>
- Linking /r/</far>
/fɑːrə’wɛɪ/ BrE
Intrusive /r/
- no letter <r> in spelling
=> r-sound used between words
=> <r> is found in the spelling and the final vowel is /ə/ or /ɔː/ and the next word begins with a vowel</r></r>
Linking /r/
- broad phonetic transcription
- appears in normal size and position
- is only a feature of non-rhotic varieties
- can but must not be realised in the broad phonetic transcription
Example: <visa>
- Intrusive /r/</visa>
/’viːsəʳ æplɪkeɪʃn/ BrE
Intrusive /r/
- broad phonetic transcription
- appears as a small superscript
- is attached to the preceding word
- can but must not be included in the broad phonetic transcription
Intrusive /j/
- can occur if a word ends with either the vowels /i, iː, eɪ, aɪ, ɔɪ/
Example: <>
- Intrusive /j/
Intrusive /w/
- if a word ends in the vowels /uː, u, aʊ, əʊ/ a linking /w/ is used in the same way. This is also possible within a word.
Example: <>
Intrusive /w/
intrusive /r, j, w/
- appear as a small superscript and often with a linking symbol
- it is attached to the preceeding word
- must not be included in broad phonetic transcription phonetic
regressive assimilation
assimilation typically affects consonants
regressive assimilation
assimilation typically affects consonants
progressive assimilation
assimilation to vocing
Coalescence
merging of two phonemes to form a single new one
Coalescence
- 4 principles
- /t/ + /j/ => /tʃ/
- /d/ + /j/ => /dʒ/
- /s/ + /j/ => /ʃ/
- /z/ + /j/ => /ʒ/
Example: <>
- coalescence
Example: <>
- coalescence
Example: <>
- coalescence
Example: <>
- coalescence
Which processes are indicated in broad phonetic transcription?
- progressive assimilation is indicated
- regressive assimilaton and coalescence are NOT indicated
assimilation
- definition
“the articulation of one sound is influenced by articulation of a neighbouring sound in that a speech organ either prolongs a distinctive feature of a preceding sound or anticipates a distinctive feature of a folowing sound.”
