Allomorphs & Assimilation, Linking

Question 1

The different allomorphs of morpheme {D}

Answer 1

• /t/ after voiceless consonants except /t/
• /d/ after vowels and voiced consonants except /d/
• /ɪd/ after /d,t/
  => complementary distribution

Question 2

Three different allomorphs of morpheme {S}

Answer 2

• /s/ after voiceless consonants except /s, ʃ, tʃ/
• /z/ after vowels and voiced consonants except /z, ʒ, dʒ/
• /ɪz/ after /z, s, ʒ, ʃ, dʒ, tʃ/
  => complementary distribution

Question 3

Example: <stopped></stopped>

Answer 3

• /stɒpt/
• /t/ after voiceless consonants except /t/

Question 4

Example: <filled></filled>

Answer 4

• /fɪld/
• /d/ after vowels and voiced consonants except /d/

Question 5

Example: <added> & <wanted></wanted></added>

Answer 5

• /’ædɪd/
• /’wɒntɪd/
• /ɪd/ after /d,t/

Question 6

Example: <lights></lights>

Answer 6

• /laɪts/
• /s/ after voiceless consonants except /s, ʃ, tʃ/

Question 7

Example: <cows></cows>

Answer 7

• /kaʊz/
• /z/ after vowels and voiced consonants except /z, ʒ, dʒ/

Question 8

Example: <roses> & <glasses></glasses></roses>

Answer 8

• /’rəʊzɪz/
• /’glɑːsɪz/
• /ɪz/ after /z, s, ʒ, ʃ, dʒ, tʃ/

Question 9

allomorph

Answer 9

• allo = other, differen
• two or more actual representations of a morpheme
• one of the variant forms assumed by a single morpheme in different circumstances
• allomorphs are phonemic representations of morphemes

Question 10

{S} morpheme indicating

Answer 10

• plural
• genitive
• 3rd person present tense indicative active

Question 11

{ed/D} morpheme indicating

Answer 11

• past simple
• past participle

Question 12

Juncture

Answer 12

boundary signals between elements

Question 13

hiatus

Answer 13

gap at a syllable boundary or word boundary
=> occurs where two consecutive vowels are found that belong to different syllables or words

Question 14

liaison

Answer 14

the hiatus is removed and the vowels are linked
=> “liaision is a link between sounds or words through the insertion of a additional sound, again usually for ease of pronuciation” (Skandera/ Burleigh)

Question 15

liaison
- four common ways of liaison/ linking

Answer 15

• linking r//
• intrusive /r/
• intrusive /j/
• intrusive /w/

Question 16

Linking /r/

Answer 16

• r-sound appears in the spelling as letter <r>
  => "a link between words through the articulation of a normally unarticulated word-final /r/, which is articulated only when preceded by a vowel in the same word, and followed by an initial vowel in the next word." (Skandera/Burleigh)</r>
• Linking /r/ after centring diphthongs /ə/ and /ɑː/ and /ɜː/

Question 17

Example: <far>
- Linking /r/</far>

Answer 17

/fɑːrə’wɛɪ/ BrE

Question 18

Intrusive /r/

Answer 18

• no letter <r> in spelling
  => r-sound used between words
  => <r> is found in the spelling and the final vowel is /ə/ or /ɔː/ and the next word begins with a vowel</r></r>

Question 19

Linking /r/
- broad phonetic transcription

Answer 19

• appears in normal size and position
• is only a feature of non-rhotic varieties
• can but must not be realised in the broad phonetic transcription

Question 20

Example: <visa>
- Intrusive /r/</visa>

Answer 20

/’viːsəʳ æplɪkeɪʃn/ BrE

Question 21

Intrusive /r/
- broad phonetic transcription

Answer 21

• appears as a small superscript
• is attached to the preceding word
• can but must not be included in the broad phonetic transcription

Question 22

Intrusive /j/

Answer 22

• can occur if a word ends with either the vowels /i, iː, eɪ, aɪ, ɔɪ/

Question 24

Example: <>
- Intrusive /j/

Question 25

Intrusive /w/

Answer 25

• if a word ends in the vowels /uː, u, aʊ, əʊ/ a linking /w/ is used in the same way. This is also possible within a word.

Question 26

Example: <>
Intrusive /w/

Question 27

intrusive /r, j, w/

Answer 27

• appear as a small superscript and often with a linking symbol
• it is attached to the preceeding word
• must not be included in broad phonetic transcription phonetic

Question 28

regressive assimilation

Answer 28

assimilation typically affects consonants

Question 28

regressive assimilation

Answer 28

assimilation typically affects consonants

Question 30

progressive assimilation

Answer 30

assimilation to vocing

Question 31

Coalescence

Answer 31

merging of two phonemes to form a single new one

Question 32

Coalescence
- 4 principles

Answer 32

• /t/ + /j/ => /tʃ/
• /d/ + /j/ => /dʒ/
• /s/ + /j/ => /ʃ/
• /z/ + /j/ => /ʒ/

Question 33

Example: <>
- coalescence

Question 34

Example: <>
- coalescence

Question 35

Example: <>
- coalescence

Question 36

Example: <>
- coalescence

Question 37

Which processes are indicated in broad phonetic transcription?

Answer 37

• progressive assimilation is indicated
• regressive assimilaton and coalescence are NOT indicated

Question 38

assimilation
- definition

Answer 38

“the articulation of one sound is influenced by articulation of a neighbouring sound in that a speech organ either prolongs a distinctive feature of a preceding sound or anticipates a distinctive feature of a folowing sound.”