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BIO2036 Molecular Evolution > Allele dynamics and populations > Flashcards

Allele dynamics and populations Flashcards

1
Q

When did H. sapiens and neanderthal interbreed?

A

100,000 years ago

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2
Q

What is a population?

A

Individuals that live ‘close’ together that interact and may exchange genes

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3
Q

What is a locus?

A

A point on a gene

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4
Q

What is an allele?

A

A variant of a gene

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5
Q

What is a gene pool?

A

The set of alleles of all genes present in a population

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6
Q

What is a homozygote?

A

A diploid individual that has 2 identical alleles

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7
Q

What is a heterozygote?

A

A diploid individual that has 2 different alleles

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8
Q

How do you work out the allele/gene frequency in haploids?

A 
Population N
Number of copies of alleles n1/n2
Allele frequencies n1/N and n2/N 
n1+n2=N
n1/N + n2/N = 1
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9
Q

How do you work out the allele/gene frequency in diploids?

A

Total number of alleles is 2N
Allele frequencies n1/2N and n2/2N
n1/2N + n2/2N = 1
n1+n2=1

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10
Q

What is a genotype?

A

The genetic constitution of an individual

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11
Q

What is a single nucleotide polymorphism?

A

2 alleles which differ by a nucleotide at a specific location

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12
Q

What is haplotype?

A

A group of alleles in an organism that are inherited together from a single parent.

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13
Q

Describe an advantageous gene substitution

A

Either quickly lost or fixed

Little polymorphism

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14
Q

Describe a neutral gene substitution

A

Changes slowly

Transient polymorphism

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15
Q

Describe a deleterious gene substitution

A

Short

Less likely to get fixed

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16
Q

Describe an over-dominant (heterozygote advantage) gene substitution

A

Seldom fixed

Maintain polymorphism over long evolutionary time

17
Q

What is the law of segregation?

A

In diploids, two alleles, each with an identical likelihood of being passed on

18
Q

What is the law of independent assortment?

A

Alleles at separate loci are passed on independently of each other

19
Q

Name some segregation distorters

A

Genetic elements

Meiotic drivers

20
Q

Name some post-segregation distorters

A

Genomic elements that reduce the frequency of non-carriers

21
Q

What is genetic linkage of genes?

A

2 genes wouldn’t be inherited independently if they were on the same chromosome

22
Q

What is genetic hitchhiking?

A

When an allele changes frequency because it’s near another gene that is undergoing a selective sweep

23
Q

What is a selective sweep?

A

When a new beneficial mutation becomes fixed

24
Q

What are some of the main characteristics of selective sweeps?

A

Eliminates diversity in the region of the genome that is close to the selected gene
Excess high-frequency derived alleles
Creates linkage disequilibrium
Increases differentiation between populations
Rapidly decays over time

BIO2036 Molecular Evolution (7 decks)

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