all units Flashcards
5 conditions that must be met for a population to be in HW
- large population
- no mutation
- no natural selection
- random mating
- no migration
what are some evidence for evolution?
fossils, morphological homologies, vestigial structures, biochemical and genetic similarities (DNA)
ionic vs covalent bonds
ionic: transfer electrons
covalent: sharing- polar/unequal sharing and non-polar/equal sharing)
cohesion vs adhesion
cohesion: attraction to other water molecules
adhesion: attraction to other charged molecules
carbohydrates functional groups
carbonyl and hydroxyl
carbohydrates examples
function: used for energy (cell respiration)
glucose: energy to make ATP
starch: stored energy in plants
glycogen: stored energy in animals
cellulose: plant cell wall
lipids functional groups
carboxylate and phosphate) and alcohol groups.
lipid examples
fats, waxes, oils, sterols
use: long term energy, protection, insulation
protein functional groups
the Amino group, the hydrogen group, the carboxyl group and the R
protein examples
monomer: amino acids
function: protein carriers, antibodies, hemoglobin, enzymes, and hormones
nucleic acids functional groups
one phosphate group, one nitrogen containing base (pyrimidine or purine) and a sugar molecule.
nucleic acid examples
DNA AND RNA
function: store genetic information
protein folding
primary: a.a. chain
secondary: beta pleaded sheet or alpha helix (hydrogen bonds)
tertiary: folds in on itself (disulfide bridges, hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonding)
quartenary: more than one polypeptide
how can a protein denature?
when its normal shape gets deformed because some of the hydrogen bonds are broken. Weak hydrogen bonds break when too much heat is applied or when they are exposed to an acid (like citric acid from lemon juice).
- temperatures, extremes in pH, and changes in chemical or physical environment can all lead to protein denaturation.
what’s the difference between polar and non polar
Polar covalent bonds result when electrons are unequally shared between atoms, while nonpolar covalent bonds result when electrons are more equally shared between atoms.
how is a protein made?
rough ER -> Golgi -> Vesicle -> Cell Membrane
active vs passive transport
active: from low to high concentration; uses ATP
facilated diffusion: large or charged from high to low with protein carrier ex: glucose or k+
simple diffusion: from high to low- small and uncharged ex: Co2, O2
how does denaturing affect a protein?
It disrupts the shape of a protein, preventing it from functionally correctly.
- A protein becomes denatured when its normal shape gets deformed because some of the hydrogen bonds are broken.
- becomes insoluble in water
difference between RNA and DNA
RNA contains the sugar ribose, while DNA contains the slightly different sugar deoxyribose (a type of ribose that lacks one oxygen atom), and (b) RNA has the nucleobase uracil while DNA contains thymine.
surface tension
property allowing liquid to resist external force
how does floating ice occur?
water expands when it freezes, meaning it becomes less dense in floating state by hydrogen bonds breaking and this eventually leads to floating ice
High specific heat and how does it occur?
water can resist a change in temp
how? hydrogen bonds, heat must be absorbed to break hydrogen bonds but heat is release when hydrogen bonds form
evaporative cooling
water has a high heat of vaporization
- the molecules with the highest kinetic energy release a gas
Capillary action
the upward movement of water due to the forces of adhesion, cohesion, and surface tension
