all units

Question 1

5 conditions that must be met for a population to be in HW

Answer 1

1. large population
2. no mutation
3. no natural selection
4. random mating
5. no migration

Question 2

what are some evidence for evolution?

Answer 2

fossils, morphological homologies, vestigial structures, biochemical and genetic similarities (DNA)

Question 3

ionic vs covalent bonds

Answer 3

ionic: transfer electrons
covalent: sharing- polar/unequal sharing and non-polar/equal sharing)

Question 4

cohesion vs adhesion

Answer 4

cohesion: attraction to other water molecules
adhesion: attraction to other charged molecules

Question 5

carbohydrates functional groups

Answer 5

carbonyl and hydroxyl

Question 6

carbohydrates examples

Answer 6

function: used for energy (cell respiration)
glucose: energy to make ATP
starch: stored energy in plants
glycogen: stored energy in animals
cellulose: plant cell wall

Question 7

lipids functional groups

Answer 7

carboxylate and phosphate) and alcohol groups.

Question 8

lipid examples

Answer 8

fats, waxes, oils, sterols
use: long term energy, protection, insulation

Question 9

protein functional groups

Answer 9

the Amino group, the hydrogen group, the carboxyl group and the R

Question 10

protein examples

Answer 10

monomer: amino acids
function: protein carriers, antibodies, hemoglobin, enzymes, and hormones

Question 11

nucleic acids functional groups

Answer 11

one phosphate group, one nitrogen containing base (pyrimidine or purine) and a sugar molecule.

Question 12

nucleic acid examples

Answer 12

DNA AND RNA
function: store genetic information

Question 13

protein folding

Answer 13

primary: a.a. chain
secondary: beta pleaded sheet or alpha helix (hydrogen bonds)
tertiary: folds in on itself (disulfide bridges, hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonding)
quartenary: more than one polypeptide

Question 14

how can a protein denature?

Answer 14

when its normal shape gets deformed because some of the hydrogen bonds are broken. Weak hydrogen bonds break when too much heat is applied or when they are exposed to an acid (like citric acid from lemon juice).
- temperatures, extremes in pH, and changes in chemical or physical environment can all lead to protein denaturation.

Question 15

what’s the difference between polar and non polar

Answer 15

Polar covalent bonds result when electrons are unequally shared between atoms, while nonpolar covalent bonds result when electrons are more equally shared between atoms.

Question 16

how is a protein made?

Answer 16

rough ER -> Golgi -> Vesicle -> Cell Membrane

Question 17

active vs passive transport

Answer 17

active: from low to high concentration; uses ATP
facilated diffusion: large or charged from high to low with protein carrier ex: glucose or k+
simple diffusion: from high to low- small and uncharged ex: Co2, O2

Question 18

how does denaturing affect a protein?

Answer 18

It disrupts the shape of a protein, preventing it from functionally correctly.
- A protein becomes denatured when its normal shape gets deformed because some of the hydrogen bonds are broken.
- becomes insoluble in water

Question 19

difference between RNA and DNA

Answer 19

RNA contains the sugar ribose, while DNA contains the slightly different sugar deoxyribose (a type of ribose that lacks one oxygen atom), and (b) RNA has the nucleobase uracil while DNA contains thymine.

Question 20

surface tension

Answer 20

property allowing liquid to resist external force

Question 21

how does floating ice occur?

Answer 21

water expands when it freezes, meaning it becomes less dense in floating state by hydrogen bonds breaking and this eventually leads to floating ice

Question 22

High specific heat and how does it occur?

Answer 22

water can resist a change in temp
how? hydrogen bonds, heat must be absorbed to break hydrogen bonds but heat is release when hydrogen bonds form

Question 23

evaporative cooling

Answer 23

water has a high heat of vaporization
- the molecules with the highest kinetic energy release a gas

Question 24

Capillary action

Answer 24

the upward movement of water due to the forces of adhesion, cohesion, and surface tension

Question 25

why is exposure of light in plants important in photosynthesis or how do you know its occurring

Answer 25

when bubbles are around the plant that means that the oxygen is being released, also a product of photosynthesis. If the leaf is floating than that means that ATP and NADPH were creating which is also a product. In photosynthesis energy goes from potential to kinetic energy (energy in motion).

Question 26

how is glucose processed in cellular respiration?

Answer 26

During cellular respiration, a glucose molecule is gradually broken down into carbon dioxide and water. Along the way, some ATP is produced directly in the reactions that transform glucose. Much more ATP, however, is produced later in a process called oxidative phosphorylation.