All Unit Flashcards
What were the major challenges faced by the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century?
The Ottoman Empire faced military defeats, nationalist uprisings, economic decline, and increasing European interference. The Tanzimat reforms attempted modernization but had limited success.
How did the Opium Wars impact the Qing Dynasty?
The Opium Wars (1839–1842, 1856–1860) weakened the Qing Dynasty, forcing China to sign unequal treaties, cede Hong Kong to Britain, and allow foreign control over trade and customs.
What led to the decline of the Mughal Empire and British control over India?
The Mughal Empire declined due to weak leadership, internal conflicts, and European expansion. The Indian Rebellion of 1857 led to direct British rule over India.
What were the main African empires during the 19th century?
Notable African empires included the Zulu Kingdom, Sokoto Caliphate, Ethiopian Empire, and Asante Kingdom.
How did the Berlin Conference affect African nations?
The Berlin Conference (1884–1885) divided Africa among European powers without African input, leading to colonization and exploitation.
What was the purpose of the Congress of Vienna?
The Congress of Vienna (1815) aimed to restore balance in Europe after Napoleon’s defeat, preventing future revolutions and maintaining peace.
How did Otto von Bismarck contribute to German unification?
Bismarck used diplomacy and wars (Austro-Prussian War, Franco-Prussian War) to unite German states under Prussian leadership in 1871.
What were the key scientific discoveries of the 19th century?
Key discoveries included Darwin’s theory of evolution, Pasteur’s germ theory, and advancements in chemistry and medicine.
How did the Industrial Revolution transform economies and societies?
The Industrial Revolution introduced mass production, urbanization, and new technologies, leading to economic growth and social changes.
What role did Britain play in global trade during the 19th century?
Britain dominated global trade through its empire, controlling key trade routes, resources, and markets.
How did industrialization affect global economic systems?
Industrialization created demand for raw materials, expanded global markets, and widened economic inequalities.
What were the goals of the labor movement in the 19th century?
The labor movement sought better wages, shorter hours, and improved working conditions through unions and protests.
How did the abolitionist movement lead to the end of slavery in different countries?
Abolitionist activism led to laws banning slavery, such as Britain’s Slavery Abolition Act (1833) and the U.S. Emancipation Proclamation (1863).
What are the characteristics of Romanticism in art and literature?
Romanticism emphasized emotion, nature, and individualism, seen in works by artists like Goya and writers like Shelley.
How did Realism differ from Romanticism in artistic expression?
Realism focused on depicting everyday life and social struggles, contrasting with Romanticism’s emotional and idealized themes.
How did the Meiji Restoration impact Japan’s modernization?
The Meiji Restoration (1868) introduced industrialization, military reforms, and Western influences, making Japan a global power.
What were the consequences of the Opium Wars for China?
China lost territory, faced economic decline, and was forced to allow European influence through unequal treaties.
How did nationalism contribute to tensions in late 19th-century Europe?
Nationalist movements led to conflicts over borders and ethnic identities, contributing to rising tensions before World War I.
What were the main causes of World War I?
Causes included nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and alliances, culminating in the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
What were the major consequences of the Treaty of Versailles?
The treaty imposed harsh penalties on Germany, redrew European borders, and created tensions leading to World War II.
What led to the Russian Revolution of 1917?
Economic hardship, political repression, and Russia’s losses in World War I led to the overthrow of the Tsar.
How did Lenin and the Bolsheviks establish a communist government in Russia?
Lenin led the October Revolution, overthrew the provisional government, and implemented socialist policies under Soviet rule.
What were the main causes of World War I and World War II?
WWI was caused by nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and alliances. WWII was triggered by unresolved tensions from WWI, the rise of totalitarian regimes, and aggressive expansion by Germany, Italy, and Japan.
What were the major conflicts and outcomes of WWI and WWII?
WWI involved trench warfare and ended with the Treaty of Versailles, which punished Germany. WWII saw major battles like D-Day and ended with the defeat of Axis Powers, leading to the Cold War.
How did World War II reshape global politics?
WWII led to the Cold War, the formation of the United Nations, decolonization, and the division of Germany and Korea.
What were the main ideological differences between the US and USSR during the Cold War?
The US promoted capitalism and democracy, while the USSR advocated communism and state-controlled economies.
How did proxy wars influence global politics during the Cold War?
Proxy wars in Korea, Vietnam, and Afghanistan allowed the US and USSR to compete without direct conflict, influencing global alliances.
What challenges did newly independent nations face after decolonization?
Many faced political instability, economic struggles, and neocolonial influence from former imperial powers.
What are the main characteristics of economic globalization?
Globalization involves increased trade, multinational corporations, free markets, and interconnected economies.
How has the internet revolutionized communication and commerce?
The internet enabled instant global communication, e-commerce, social media, and digital innovation.
What were the key post-Cold War conflicts?
Conflicts include the Gulf War, War on Terror, and regional disputes in the Middle East, Africa, and Eastern Europe.
How has climate change contributed to global conflicts?
Climate change has led to resource scarcity, migration crises, and geopolitical tensions over water and food security.
What were the key achievements of the U.S. Civil Rights Movement?
The Civil Rights Act (1964) and Voting Rights Act (1965) ended segregation and protected voting rights for African Americans.
How has feminism evolved over the 20th and 21st centuries?
Feminism has progressed from suffrage to workplace rights, reproductive rights, and modern gender equality movements.
What are the major environmental movements and their impact?
Movements like Greenpeace and the Paris Agreement advocate for climate action and sustainability policies.
How has globalization influenced cultural exchanges?
Cultures blend through media, trade, migration, and tourism, influencing fashion, music, and cuisine worldwide.
What role does social media play in shaping global culture?
Social media connects people globally, spreads trends, and influences political movements and activism.
What are the key differences between capitalism and socialism today?
Capitalism focuses on private ownership and free markets, while socialism emphasizes state control and wealth redistribution.
How has income inequality affected global economies?
Rising inequality has led to economic instability, social unrest, and calls for policies like progressive taxation and universal basic income.
What are the main causes of modern migration trends?
Migration is driven by economic opportunities, political instability, conflict, and climate change.
How has urbanization impacted city development worldwide?
Rapid urbanization has led to economic growth but also overcrowding, pollution, and infrastructure challenges.
What are the key geopolitical trends shaping the future?
Trends include the rise of China, shifting alliances, and the impact of technology on global power dynamics.
How might artificial intelligence impact the global workforce?
AI could automate jobs, create new industries, and increase the need for digital literacy and retraining programs.
