All the facts required for Physical Flashcards
How much flood storage does Gatwick Flood Defense have avalible?
- 186000 m3
What trees did they keep at Gatwick to increase biodiversity and increase interception hence reducing the rate of infiltration?
- Oak trees kept so bats could live there and slow the rate of infiltration
What did they create in the river to increase capacity?
- Meanders were created to increase the sinuosity of the river and hence increasing capacity
What do they have at Gatwick to control the amount of water entering the river?
- Sluce gate
What is the name of the flood attenuation pond at gatwick and what does it do?
- Pond D
- Is where most of the water goes then the arcamedes screws draw water up and seperate it into clean and dirty water
- The dirty water then goes to Crawley sewage works for further treatment
What river passes through Gatwick Airport?
- The River Mole
What area does the amazon rainforest cover?
- 6 million square kilometers
How many tree species are in the Amazon?
- 16000
What causes deforestation in the Amazon?
- Slash and burn done by farmers accounts for 70% of deforestation
What are some of the effects of deforestation?
- Erosion
- Soil leaching
- Loss of biodiversity
- Climate change
- Loss in biodiversity
What is haulting deforestation?
- Debt reduction
- Selective logging
- Ecotourism
- Greenpeace
What are the three places and their different approaches for defence against the sea on the Jurassic coast?
- Naish farm: Managed retreat (a caravan park so easily moveable, how far can it go back?) (soft engineering)
- Barton on Sea: Hold the line (using hard engineering)
- East Barton: Do nothing (will eventually be overwelmed)
What are some of the hard engineering techniques used at Barton on Sea?
- Sea wall
- Gabions
- Groynes
- Cliff fixing
- Revetments
What is the population of Barton on Sea?
- 5454
Why is Barton on Sea Holding the line?
- Home to 5454 people and land is almost all residential
What happened in Barton on Sea in 2007?
- The kent earthquake in 2007 caused a 300m crack in a cliff causing a future landslide
Where is Odisha?
- A state on the South East coast of India
How large is Odisha?
- 9th largest state by area in India and 11th by population
How long is the Odisha coast?
- 480km
What is the largest employment sector in Odisha?
- Fishing
How much mangrove forest does Odisha have?
- 1435 km2
What is the coastal plain on Odisha called?
- Hexadeltaic region
What are the threats to the Odisha coastline?
- Rapid urban industrialisation
- Coastalisation (migration to coastal regions)
- Overfishing
- Tourism
- Sea bed mining
- Oil and gas
- Climate change
- Severe weather events
How was Odisha coast formed and why is this useful?
- Deposition
- Hence is a very large sediment store providing a source for this part of the Bay of Bengal
- River transports sediments forming deltaic deposits
What percentage of coastal strech is laden with substantial amount of minerals and heavy metal deposits?
- 35%
What does Odisha have the potential for in terms of energy?
- Offshore wind, tidal and wave power
What are the risks of human development on Odisha coastline?
- Rates of erosion increasing
- Storm surges
- Storms more frequent and powerful due to climate change
- Positive eustacy
How is/can the Odisha coast being managed?
- Sustainable levels of economic and social activity
- Protecting coastal environments
- Biodiversity conservation
- Pollution mangement
- Development of Ecotourism
- Planting of mangroves
- Building cyclone shelters
What do the mangroves and coral do to help protect Odisha?
- The coral causes the waves to break eariler damaging the mangroves less and allowing them to protect against storm surges and slow down the rate of coastal erosion
- Coral is symbiotic with Mangroves
When did the Nepal gorka quake happen?
- 2015
What magnitude was the Nepal Gorka quake?
- 7.8 magnitude
How many people were killed in the Gorka quake?
- 9000
How many people were affected by the Gorka quake?
- 8 million people affected
Who provided emergency aid for the Gorka quake?
- Oxfam and Red cross
How far away was the epicentre from Kathmandu?
- 81km
What is a secondary effect of the Gorka quake?
- Avalanche hit everest and climbers were killed
What sort of collision caused the Gorka quake?
- Continental collision between Indo Australian and Eurasion plate
When did super typhoon haiyan occur?
- 2013
What category was super typhoon haiyan?
- Category 5 on the Saffir Simpson scale
How big was the storm surge in super typhoon haiyan and why was it so big?
- 5m storm surge
- The surge was funneled into a bay increasing its height dramatically
How many people were killed in super typhoon haiyan?
- 6300
Where did typhoon haiyan hit and what city did it destroy?
- The philippines
- Tacloban destroyed
How many people were left homeless in super typhoon haiyan?
- 2 million
How much aid was sent to the Philippines after typhoon haiyan?
- £100 million
What did the locals call super typhoon haiyan?
- Yolanda
When did Eyjafjallajokul occur?
- 2010
How much tephra was released by Eyjafjallajokul?
- 250 million cubic meters
How much money did BA lose?
- $30 million
How tall was the ash plume in Eyjafjallajokul eruption?
- 11000m ash plume
How many people were evacuated from Iceland?
- 800 people
What is posh word for glacial outburst?
- Jokulhaulp
What carried tephra around the world causing flight cancellations?
- Jet stream
Why has quality of life improved after Eyjafjallajokul?
- Improved detection technology so quicker evacuations next time
- 3D ash tracking software so fewer flights cancelled in future eruption
- Tourist industry is booming so Olafer and Gudni Egurtson have created a museum
How did they stop the Markarfljót river destroying route 1?
- They took away the jokulhaulp water buy breaking the road to take away the pressure on the bridge
How have grasses adapted for Sand Dunes?
- Grass roots capture and bind the sands cause of windy conditions
- Marram grass is a xerophyte thriving in arid conditions where most plants would curl up and die
- Waxy leaves prevent evaporation reducing water loss
- Tiny hairs minimise water loss
- Not very salt tolerant but can cope with seaside conditions
What are two types of grass found on dunes?
- Maram grass
- Lyme grass
What is the name of the nature reserve found in Dorset and where is it located?
- Studland nature reserve
- In Dorset
Why is Studland nature reserve hard to manage?
- Valuble habitat but also a popular recreational area
What are the challenges at Studland nature reserve?
- Invasive species such as Pirri-Pirri burr are widespread in carparks displacing native species
- Jetskiers vs Swimmers
- Naturists vs Clothed
- Dog walkers vs Horse riders
- Trampling on dunes destroys vegetation causing blowouts to occur
- Dogs disturbing ground nesting birds
- Litter
- Fire risks cause of BBQs and Cigies
What are the main managment strategies at Studland?
- Zoning: Creating areas for different uses
- Banning certain activities
- Create a honeypot site with parking, snacks and gifts
- Create sacrificial areas e.g near car parks
- Provide boardwalks
- Education
- Identify areas of significance
What conditions are required for a tropical storm to form?
- 27 degrees up to a depth of 60m
- 5 degrees North or South of the equator
How many tonnes of CO2 were saved as a result of Eyjafjallajokul eruption cancelling flights?
- 206465 tonnes saved
When did Monserrat erupt and how long did it last?
- 1995 eruption started
- Lasted for 3 years
What did the population fall to after the Monserrat eruption?
- Population fell to 2500 people
On what plate boundary is Monserrat located?
- Destructive plate boundary between Carribean and Atlantic plates
What was the most devestating part of the Monserrat eruption?
- Pyroclastic flows destroyed Plymouth and covered coral reefs in tephra
What type of eruption was Monserrat?
- Magmatic eruption
What animals were harmed in the Monserrat eruption?
- Chicken frog numbers reduced
What has Monserrat done to try and rebuild the economy?
- Plymouth was destroyed but now has been rebuilt for tourism
- New mining operation has created 30 new jobs stimulating economic growth
- Tourists stay in Monserrat to avoid winter snow
In the Eyjafjallajokul eruption what caused Kenya to be effected?
- Flight cancelations prevented the exportation of roses from Kenya
How much did tourism fall in Nepal after the Gorka quake?
- Tourism numbers fell by 30%
What were some of the short term responses in the Nepal gorka quake?
- 125000 soldiers sent to rescue survivors
- £130 million of aid sent by UK
- Satalites used to identify those most in need of help
What were some long term responses of the Nepal Gorka quake?
- Increased number of damped, earthquake proof houses
- Educating people how to respond to earthquakes
- Nepal government inefficient only 12% of money used for aid was distributed
What time did the Christchurch 2010 and 2011 earthquakes occur and how did this effect the death toll?
- 2010 was 4:34am with death toll of 0 people
- 2011 was 12:51 pm with death toll of 185 people
- At 4:34am people are in their earthquake proof houses whilst at 12:51pm they are outside having lunch so more likely to be killed
What was the magnitude of the 2010 and 2011 Christchurch earthquakes?
- 2010 was 7.1 on richter scale
- 2011 was 6.0 on richter scale
Who famously quoted “earthquakes don’t kill people, buildings do”
- Iain Stewart
