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Geography A level Physical > All the facts required for Physical > Flashcards

All the facts required for Physical Flashcards

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1
Q

How much flood storage does Gatwick Flood Defense have avalible?

A
  • 186000 m3
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2
Q

What trees did they keep at Gatwick to increase biodiversity and increase interception hence reducing the rate of infiltration?

A
  • Oak trees kept so bats could live there and slow the rate of infiltration
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3
Q

What did they create in the river to increase capacity?

A
  • Meanders were created to increase the sinuosity of the river and hence increasing capacity
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4
Q

What do they have at Gatwick to control the amount of water entering the river?

A
  • Sluce gate
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5
Q

What is the name of the flood attenuation pond at gatwick and what does it do?

A
  • Pond D
  • Is where most of the water goes then the arcamedes screws draw water up and seperate it into clean and dirty water
  • The dirty water then goes to Crawley sewage works for further treatment
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6
Q

What river passes through Gatwick Airport?

A
  • The River Mole
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7
Q

What area does the amazon rainforest cover?

A
  • 6 million square kilometers
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8
Q

How many tree species are in the Amazon?

A
  • 16000
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9
Q

What causes deforestation in the Amazon?

A
  • Slash and burn done by farmers accounts for 70% of deforestation
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10
Q

What are some of the effects of deforestation?

A
  • Erosion
  • Soil leaching
  • Loss of biodiversity
  • Climate change
  • Loss in biodiversity
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11
Q

What is haulting deforestation?

A
  • Debt reduction
  • Selective logging
  • Ecotourism
  • Greenpeace
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12
Q

What are the three places and their different approaches for defence against the sea on the Jurassic coast?

A
  • Naish farm: Managed retreat (a caravan park so easily moveable, how far can it go back?) (soft engineering)
  • Barton on Sea: Hold the line (using hard engineering)
  • East Barton: Do nothing (will eventually be overwelmed)
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13
Q

What are some of the hard engineering techniques used at Barton on Sea?

A
  • Sea wall
  • Gabions
  • Groynes
  • Cliff fixing
  • Revetments
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14
Q

What is the population of Barton on Sea?

A
  • 5454
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15
Q

Why is Barton on Sea Holding the line?

A
  • Home to 5454 people and land is almost all residential
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16
Q

What happened in Barton on Sea in 2007?

A
  • The kent earthquake in 2007 caused a 300m crack in a cliff causing a future landslide
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17
Q

Where is Odisha?

A
  • A state on the South East coast of India
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18
Q

How large is Odisha?

A
  • 9th largest state by area in India and 11th by population
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19
Q

How long is the Odisha coast?

A
  • 480km
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20
Q

What is the largest employment sector in Odisha?

A
  • Fishing
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21
Q

How much mangrove forest does Odisha have?

A
  • 1435 km2
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22
Q

What is the coastal plain on Odisha called?

A
  • Hexadeltaic region
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23
Q

What are the threats to the Odisha coastline?

A
  • Rapid urban industrialisation
  • Coastalisation (migration to coastal regions)
  • Overfishing
  • Tourism
  • Sea bed mining
  • Oil and gas
  • Climate change
  • Severe weather events
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24
Q

How was Odisha coast formed and why is this useful?

A
  • Deposition
  • Hence is a very large sediment store providing a source for this part of the Bay of Bengal
  • River transports sediments forming deltaic deposits
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25
Q

What percentage of coastal strech is laden with substantial amount of minerals and heavy metal deposits?

A
  • 35%
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26
Q

What does Odisha have the potential for in terms of energy?

A
  • Offshore wind, tidal and wave power
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27
Q

What are the risks of human development on Odisha coastline?

A
  • Rates of erosion increasing
  • Storm surges
  • Storms more frequent and powerful due to climate change
  • Positive eustacy
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28
Q

How is/can the Odisha coast being managed?

A
  • Sustainable levels of economic and social activity
  • Protecting coastal environments
  • Biodiversity conservation
  • Pollution mangement
  • Development of Ecotourism
  • Planting of mangroves
  • Building cyclone shelters
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29
Q

What do the mangroves and coral do to help protect Odisha?

A
  • The coral causes the waves to break eariler damaging the mangroves less and allowing them to protect against storm surges and slow down the rate of coastal erosion
  • Coral is symbiotic with Mangroves
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30
Q

When did the Nepal gorka quake happen?

A
  • 2015
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31
Q

What magnitude was the Nepal Gorka quake?

A
  • 7.8 magnitude
32
Q

How many people were killed in the Gorka quake?

A
  • 9000
33
Q

How many people were affected by the Gorka quake?

A
  • 8 million people affected
34
Q

Who provided emergency aid for the Gorka quake?

A
  • Oxfam and Red cross
35
Q

How far away was the epicentre from Kathmandu?

A
  • 81km
36
Q

What is a secondary effect of the Gorka quake?

A
  • Avalanche hit everest and climbers were killed
37
Q

What sort of collision caused the Gorka quake?

A
  • Continental collision between Indo Australian and Eurasion plate
38
Q

When did super typhoon haiyan occur?

A
  • 2013
39
Q

What category was super typhoon haiyan?

A
  • Category 5 on the Saffir Simpson scale
40
Q

How big was the storm surge in super typhoon haiyan and why was it so big?

A
  • 5m storm surge
  • The surge was funneled into a bay increasing its height dramatically
41
Q

How many people were killed in super typhoon haiyan?

A
  • 6300
42
Q

Where did typhoon haiyan hit and what city did it destroy?

A
  • The philippines
  • Tacloban destroyed
43
Q

How many people were left homeless in super typhoon haiyan?

A
  • 2 million
44
Q

How much aid was sent to the Philippines after typhoon haiyan?

A
  • £100 million
45
Q

What did the locals call super typhoon haiyan?

A
  • Yolanda
46
Q

When did Eyjafjallajokul occur?

A
  • 2010
47
Q

How much tephra was released by Eyjafjallajokul?

A
  • 250 million cubic meters
48
Q

How much money did BA lose?

A
  • $30 million
49
Q

How tall was the ash plume in Eyjafjallajokul eruption?

A
  • 11000m ash plume
50
Q

How many people were evacuated from Iceland?

A
  • 800 people
51
Q

What is posh word for glacial outburst?

A
  • Jokulhaulp
52
Q

What carried tephra around the world causing flight cancellations?

A
  • Jet stream
53
Q

Why has quality of life improved after Eyjafjallajokul?

A
  • Improved detection technology so quicker evacuations next time
  • 3D ash tracking software so fewer flights cancelled in future eruption
  • Tourist industry is booming so Olafer and Gudni Egurtson have created a museum
54
Q

How did they stop the Markarfljót river destroying route 1?

A
  • They took away the jokulhaulp water buy breaking the road to take away the pressure on the bridge
55
Q

How have grasses adapted for Sand Dunes?

A
  • Grass roots capture and bind the sands cause of windy conditions
  • Marram grass is a xerophyte thriving in arid conditions where most plants would curl up and die
  • Waxy leaves prevent evaporation reducing water loss
  • Tiny hairs minimise water loss
  • Not very salt tolerant but can cope with seaside conditions
56
Q

What are two types of grass found on dunes?

A
  • Maram grass
  • Lyme grass
57
Q

What is the name of the nature reserve found in Dorset and where is it located?

A
  • Studland nature reserve
  • In Dorset
58
Q

Why is Studland nature reserve hard to manage?

A
  • Valuble habitat but also a popular recreational area
59
Q

What are the challenges at Studland nature reserve?

A
  • Invasive species such as Pirri-Pirri burr are widespread in carparks displacing native species
  • Jetskiers vs Swimmers
  • Naturists vs Clothed
  • Dog walkers vs Horse riders
  • Trampling on dunes destroys vegetation causing blowouts to occur
  • Dogs disturbing ground nesting birds
  • Litter
  • Fire risks cause of BBQs and Cigies
60
Q

What are the main managment strategies at Studland?

A
  • Zoning: Creating areas for different uses
  • Banning certain activities
  • Create a honeypot site with parking, snacks and gifts
  • Create sacrificial areas e.g near car parks
  • Provide boardwalks
  • Education
  • Identify areas of significance
61
Q

What conditions are required for a tropical storm to form?

A
  • 27 degrees up to a depth of 60m
  • 5 degrees North or South of the equator
62
Q

How many tonnes of CO2 were saved as a result of Eyjafjallajokul eruption cancelling flights?

A
  • 206465 tonnes saved
63
Q

When did Monserrat erupt and how long did it last?

A
  • 1995 eruption started
  • Lasted for 3 years
64
Q

What did the population fall to after the Monserrat eruption?

A
  • Population fell to 2500 people
65
Q

On what plate boundary is Monserrat located?

A
  • Destructive plate boundary between Carribean and Atlantic plates
66
Q

What was the most devestating part of the Monserrat eruption?

A
  • Pyroclastic flows destroyed Plymouth and covered coral reefs in tephra
67
Q

What type of eruption was Monserrat?

A
  • Magmatic eruption
68
Q

What animals were harmed in the Monserrat eruption?

A
  • Chicken frog numbers reduced
69
Q

What has Monserrat done to try and rebuild the economy?

A
  • Plymouth was destroyed but now has been rebuilt for tourism
  • New mining operation has created 30 new jobs stimulating economic growth
  • Tourists stay in Monserrat to avoid winter snow
70
Q

In the Eyjafjallajokul eruption what caused Kenya to be effected?

A
  • Flight cancelations prevented the exportation of roses from Kenya
71
Q

How much did tourism fall in Nepal after the Gorka quake?

A
  • Tourism numbers fell by 30%
72
Q

What were some of the short term responses in the Nepal gorka quake?

A
  • 125000 soldiers sent to rescue survivors
  • £130 million of aid sent by UK
  • Satalites used to identify those most in need of help
73
Q

What were some long term responses of the Nepal Gorka quake?

A
  • Increased number of damped, earthquake proof houses
  • Educating people how to respond to earthquakes
  • Nepal government inefficient only 12% of money used for aid was distributed
74
Q

What time did the Christchurch 2010 and 2011 earthquakes occur and how did this effect the death toll?

A
  • 2010 was 4:34am with death toll of 0 people
  • 2011 was 12:51 pm with death toll of 185 people
  • At 4:34am people are in their earthquake proof houses whilst at 12:51pm they are outside having lunch so more likely to be killed
75
Q

What was the magnitude of the 2010 and 2011 Christchurch earthquakes?

A
  • 2010 was 7.1 on richter scale
  • 2011 was 6.0 on richter scale
76
Q

Who famously quoted “earthquakes don’t kill people, buildings do”

A
  • Iain Stewart

Geography A level Physical (3 decks)

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