ALL terms from chaper 8 & 11 final exam

Question 1

Ecological Fallacy =

Answer 1

mistaken interpretations that occur when you use data for a higher or bigger unit of analysis to examine a relationship among units at a lower or small unit of analysis

Question 2

Fallacy of Misplaced Concreteness

Answer 2

when statistical information is reported in a way that gives a false impression of its precision.

Question 3

Secondary Sources

General Social Survey =

Answer 3

A large-scale survey with many questions of a large national sample of adult Americans conducted almost every year. Data from it are made available to researchers at low or no cost.

Question 4

Standardization =

Answer 4

adjusting a measure by dividing it by a common base to make comparisons are possible.

Question 5

Social Indicator

Answer 5

Any measure of social conditions or well-being that can used be used in policy decisions.

Question 6

Intercoder reliability

Answer 6

A measure of measurement consistency in content analysis when you have multiple coders.

making sure the data matches

Question 7

Latent coding

Answer 7

Coding in content analysis in which you look for the underlying, implicit meaning in the content of a text.

looking for the meaning> coding based on implicit meaning (Ex. Super short hair, presence of Adams Apple…might be male)

Question 8

Manifest coding

Answer 8

Content analysis coding in which you record information about the visible, surface content in a text.

counting how many time monster is called he or she > Very reliable

Question 9

Coding System

Answer 9

a set of instructions or rules stating how text was systematically measured and converted into variables.

This creates consistency so you can replicate the study

You need to make sure this is mutually exclusive and exhausted

Question 10

Content analysis =

Answer 10

A non-reactive technique for studying communication messages

.it means anything written, visual, or spoken in a communication medium.

Question 11

Unobtrusive measures

Answer 11

non-reactive research measures that do not intrude or disturb a person, so they are unaware of them.

Question 12

Non-reactive research:

Answer 12

Research techniques in which the people in the study are unaware that someone is gathering information or using it for research purposes.
quantitative study

Question 13

Historical-Comparative Research?

Answer 13

research that examines how diverse factors converge to generate a specific event.

Comparisons can be made across times or cultures.

Question 14

supra-context awareness

Answer 14

=other factors that we know now, that wasn’t known then

*We have to put our self in the situation

Question 15

coherence imposition

Answer 15

Idea that information is Not logical, so we impose the expectation that people are predicable

Question 16

capacity overestimation

Answer 16

People fail to act on what was learned

Question 17

PRIMARY SOURCES

Answer 17

Sources created in the past and that survived to the present.

Question 18

Presentism

Answer 18

The fallacy of looking at past events from the point-of-view of today and failing to adjust for a very different context at the time.

Question 19

Ethnocentrism

Answer 19

EVALUATING a different culture through the eyes of our own culture

Question 20

External criticism.

Answer 20

Evaluating the authenticity of primary source materials.

Question 21

Internal Criticism

Answer 21

Evaluating the credibility of information in primary source (The onion or Wall street journal)

Question 22

Running records

Answer 22

On-going files or statistical documents that an organization, such as a school, business, hospital, government agency maintains over time

Question 23

Galton’s Problem =

Answer 23

A possible mistake when comparing variables/features of units of analysis, in which an association among variables or features among two units may be due to them both actually being parts of one large unit.

Question 24

Recollections =

Answer 24

A person’s words or writings about past experiences created by the person sometime after the experiences took place
oral history = interviews with a person about his or her life and experiences in the past.

Question 25

Secondary sources

Answer 25

Specific studies conducted by specialist historians who may have spent many years studying a narrow topic which other researchers use as sources. (Ex: narrowed, women in the KKK)

Question 26

Contextual equivalence

Answer 26

= The issue of seeing the same event or activity in context across different cultures or historical eras.

Question 27

Lexicon Equivalence =

Answer 27

The issue of being able to say the same thing with the same meaning across languages or dialects in different cultures or historical eras.

Question 28

Conceptual equivalence = .

Answer 28

The issue of being able to apply the same concept across different cultures or historical eras