all subjects summarised

Question 1

what are the four definitions of abnormality, briefly explain them

Answer 1

statistical infrequency - having an uncommon characteristic eg interlectual disabiity disorder
failure to function - being unable to cope with the demands of everyday life
deviation from social norms - behaviour that differs from the acceptedstandards in our society/culture
deviation from ideal mental health - not meeting Jahoda’s criteria

Question 2

when is someone failing to function adequately

Answer 2

no longer conforming to social inerpersonal rules (eye contact, standing too close etc)
experiencing severe personal distress
irrational behaviour, being a danger to themselves or others

Question 3

what is in Jahodas criteria for ideal mental health

Answer 3

no symptoms of distress
are rational and can percieve ourselves accurately
we self actualise
we can cope with stress
we have a realistic view of the world
we have good self esteem and lack guilt
we are independent of other people
we can successfully work, love and enjoy leisure

Question 4

what disorders are associated most with statistical infrequency and deviation from social norms

Answer 4

statistical infreq: interlectual disability disorder - low IQ
of below 70 (avg is 85-115 or around 100)
social norms: antisocial personality disorder (psychopathy) by not conforming to prococial behaviours or culturaly normative ethical behaviour

Question 5

what is depression

Answer 5

a mood disorder charicterised by low mood and low activity levels

Question 6

name the behavioural, emotional and cognitive charicteristics

Answer 6

behavioural: aggression and self harm, low activity levels, disruption to sleep and appetite
emotional: low mood, low self esteem, anger
cognitive: poor concentration, absolutist thinking, dwelling on the negitive

Question 7

what is a phobia

Answer 7

and anxiety disorder excessive fear and anxiety of a thing, object or situation

Question 8

what are the behavioural, emotional and cognitive characteristics of a phobia

Answer 8

behavioural: panic, avoidence, endurance
emotional: anxiety, fear, response is excessive
cognitive: cognitive distortions, selective attention, irrational belifs

Question 9

what is OCD

Answer 9

obsessive compulsive disorder, an anxiety disorder where the individual has obsessive thoughts and compulstions that reduce the anxiety caused by the thoughts

Question 10

what are the behavioural, emotional and cognitive characteristics of OCD

Answer 10

behavioural: repetitive compulsions, compulsions reduce anxiety, avoidence (of the triggers)
emotional: anxiety and distress, guilt and disgust, accompanying depression
cognitive: obsessive thoughts, coping stratergies, insight into the excessive anxiety (and it being irrational)

Question 11

how are phobias explained, evaluate this explanation

Answer 11

behaviourism uses the two process model
aqusition through classical conditioning, maintenence through operant conditioning.
research on little albert - phobia of white rat when assiciated with loud bang

treatments of exposure therapy that break the assosiations are effective - supports the theory
we have eg snake phobias in the UK, no traumatic event started that

Question 12

how is depression explained

Answer 12

becks negitive triad - faulty information processing, negitive self schema, neg view on the self the world and the future
ellis’s ABC model - activating event (a trauma), belifs (musturbation, icantstandititus, utopianism), consequences (the depression)

Question 13

how is OCD explained

Answer 13

the biological approach explain it through genetics and neurons
candidate genes

Question 14

what 3 elements is there to the genetic explanation and what 2 elements are in the neural explanation

Answer 14

genetic: candidate genes, polygenic, aetiologically heterogeneous/ different OCDs
neural: serotonin, decision making systems

Question 15

explain the studies that support capacity, coding and duration

Answer 15

capacity: ptps given 4 numbers to remember and recall immidiatelly, if accurate theyre gived 5 and so on until fail. avg for numbers was 9.3 and letters 7.3.
coding: ptps given word lists, acoustically and semantically simular/dissumular, recall in stm was worse with acoustically simular and in ltm semantically.
duration: ptps given 3 letters and a 3 digit number to count down from to prevent recall. when asked to recal after 3s accuracy was 80%, and 18s 3%.

Question 16

what is in interference theory

Answer 16

proactive interference: old affects new
retroactive interference: new affects old
simularity worsens interference

Question 17

what research is done on simularity

Answer 17

different groups of ptps were given different word lists, all ranging in levels of simularity including synonims, antonyms etc. results showed worse recall of the word lists that were the most simular eg synonims

Question 18

what is the encoding specificity principle

Answer 18

outlined by Tulving, he said for a cue to be affective it needs to be present at learning and recall

Question 19

what does the phrase ‘levels of measurement’ mean

Answer 19

type of data, nominal, ordinal, interval

Question 19

what are the types of closed questions we can use in questionaires

Question 20

what is reliability, how can we assess it and how can we improve it

Question 21

what is validity, how can we assess it and how can we improve it

Question 22

when using a critical values table, what

Question 23

what was one issue and one positive in Rutter’s study

Answer 23

he stopped following the orphans up as 16 so they maybe improved later in life and we didnt see the affects on later relationships

the orphans had no family traumas leading to becoming orphans, their parents just couldnt afford them, unlike more orphans in the UK/US that means cofounding variables

Question 24

what does N mean on a critical values table

Answer 24

number of participants