all subjects summarised Flashcards
what are the four definitions of abnormality, briefly explain them
statistical infrequency - having an uncommon characteristic eg interlectual disabiity disorder
failure to function - being unable to cope with the demands of everyday life
deviation from social norms - behaviour that differs from the acceptedstandards in our society/culture
deviation from ideal mental health - not meeting Jahoda’s criteria
when is someone failing to function adequately
no longer conforming to social inerpersonal rules (eye contact, standing too close etc)
experiencing severe personal distress
irrational behaviour, being a danger to themselves or others
what is in Jahodas criteria for ideal mental health
no symptoms of distress
are rational and can percieve ourselves accurately
we self actualise
we can cope with stress
we have a realistic view of the world
we have good self esteem and lack guilt
we are independent of other people
we can successfully work, love and enjoy leisure
what disorders are associated most with statistical infrequency and deviation from social norms
statistical infreq: interlectual disability disorder - low IQ
of below 70 (avg is 85-115 or around 100)
social norms: antisocial personality disorder (psychopathy) by not conforming to prococial behaviours or culturaly normative ethical behaviour
what is depression
a mood disorder charicterised by low mood and low activity levels
name the behavioural, emotional and cognitive charicteristics
behavioural: aggression and self harm, low activity levels, disruption to sleep and appetite
emotional: low mood, low self esteem, anger
cognitive: poor concentration, absolutist thinking, dwelling on the negitive
what is a phobia
and anxiety disorder excessive fear and anxiety of a thing, object or situation
what are the behavioural, emotional and cognitive characteristics of a phobia
behavioural: panic, avoidence, endurance
emotional: anxiety, fear, response is excessive
cognitive: cognitive distortions, selective attention, irrational belifs
what is OCD
obsessive compulsive disorder, an anxiety disorder where the individual has obsessive thoughts and compulstions that reduce the anxiety caused by the thoughts
what are the behavioural, emotional and cognitive characteristics of OCD
behavioural: repetitive compulsions, compulsions reduce anxiety, avoidence (of the triggers)
emotional: anxiety and distress, guilt and disgust, accompanying depression
cognitive: obsessive thoughts, coping stratergies, insight into the excessive anxiety (and it being irrational)
how are phobias explained, evaluate this explanation
behaviourism uses the two process model
aqusition through classical conditioning, maintenence through operant conditioning.
research on little albert - phobia of white rat when assiciated with loud bang
treatments of exposure therapy that break the assosiations are effective - supports the theory
we have eg snake phobias in the UK, no traumatic event started that
how is depression explained
becks negitive triad - faulty information processing, negitive self schema, neg view on the self the world and the future
ellis’s ABC model - activating event (a trauma), belifs (musturbation, icantstandititus, utopianism), consequences (the depression)
how is OCD explained
the biological approach explain it through genetics and neurons
candidate genes
what 3 elements is there to the genetic explanation and what 2 elements are in the neural explanation
genetic: candidate genes, polygenic, aetiologically heterogeneous/ different OCDs
neural: serotonin, decision making systems
explain the studies that support capacity, coding and duration
capacity: ptps given 4 numbers to remember and recall immidiatelly, if accurate theyre gived 5 and so on until fail. avg for numbers was 9.3 and letters 7.3.
coding: ptps given word lists, acoustically and semantically simular/dissumular, recall in stm was worse with acoustically simular and in ltm semantically.
duration: ptps given 3 letters and a 3 digit number to count down from to prevent recall. when asked to recal after 3s accuracy was 80%, and 18s 3%.
what is in interference theory
proactive interference: old affects new
retroactive interference: new affects old
simularity worsens interference
what research is done on simularity
different groups of ptps were given different word lists, all ranging in levels of simularity including synonims, antonyms etc. results showed worse recall of the word lists that were the most simular eg synonims
what is the encoding specificity principle
outlined by Tulving, he said for a cue to be affective it needs to be present at learning and recall
what does the phrase ‘levels of measurement’ mean
type of data, nominal, ordinal, interval
what are the types of closed questions we can use in questionaires
what is reliability, how can we assess it and how can we improve it
what is validity, how can we assess it and how can we improve it
when using a critical values table, what
what was one issue and one positive in Rutter’s study
he stopped following the orphans up as 16 so they maybe improved later in life and we didnt see the affects on later relationships
the orphans had no family traumas leading to becoming orphans, their parents just couldnt afford them, unlike more orphans in the UK/US that means cofounding variables
what does N mean on a critical values table
number of participants
