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All Quizes Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Which of the following is not related to DNA?

A.Deoxyribonucleotide
B.Antiparallel
C.Phosphodiester bonds
D.Single stranded
E.Complimentary 
F.Hydrogen bonding
G.Hydrophobic and hydrophilic
H.In ribosomes
I.Nucleosomes
A

H.In ribosomes

Related to DNA:

  • deoxyribonucleotide
  • antiparallel
  • phosphodiester bonds
  • single stranded (during replication)
  • complementary
  • hydrogen bonding
  • hydrophobic and hydrophilic
  • nucleosomes

Related to RNA:

  • phosphodiester bonds
  • single stranded
  • complimentary (during replication)
  • hydrogen bonding (during base pairing)
  • hydrophobic and hydrophilic
  • in ribosomes
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2
Q

What did Meselson and Stahl experiment prove?

A

Semiconservative

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3
Q

What are some ways DNA could be denatured?

A
  1. Heat
  2. pH
  3. enzymes (DNA helicase)
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4
Q

What did the Hershey and Chase experiment prove?

A

Genes are made of DNA

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5
Q

Describe the structural differences between RNA and DNA.

A

Bases (RNA has U and DNA has T), sugar (ribose vs. deoxyribose), single stranded vs. double, 3 types (rRNA, tRNA, mRNA), ejected from nucleus, gene regulation

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6
Q

Recognize the differences in the structures of mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA.

A

mRNA: codons, regulated transcription, modified in eukaryotes, promoter elements, RNA Pol II

tRNA: works during translation, structured-acceptor stem, anticodon loop, unique bases, RNA Pol III

rRNA: 65% rRNA and 35% protein in ribosomes, different sizes for subunits, RNA Pol I

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7
Q

Describe the biological roles of mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA.

A

mRNA: message sent from nucleus to ribosome, polycistronic and monocistronic,

tRNA: attaches to aa, recruited to ribosome during translation,

rRNA: packages with protein to make ribosomes, used in translation.

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8
Q

In prokaryotes, outline the steps involved in:

  • Initiation:
  • Elongation:
  • Termination
A

Initiation: sigma recognizes and binds consensus sequences in the promoter, recruits RNA Pol, DNA strands are denatured by holoenzyme and are opened, first few bases are transcribed. Sigma is released.

Elongation: Transcription continues in which RNA Pol uses DNA template and adds appropriate bases. Non-template strand is not directly used. RNA Pol synthesizes in 5’->3’ direction (U substituted for T)

Termination: Hairpin of mRNA forms, RNA Pol reaches a termination sequence in DNA template and once reached, RNA Pol and newly made mRNA transcript dissociate from DNA.

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9
Q

Describe the functional roles for RNA polymerases.

  • RNA pol I
  • RNA pol II
  • RNA pol III
A

RNA pol I = rRNA

RNA pol II = mRNA

RNA pol III = tRNA

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10
Q

Summarize eukaryotic RNA transcription.

A

Initiation: binding of gene specific transcription factors to promoter and enhancer elements and recruitment of RNA Pol complex.

Elongation: local unwinding of DNA by RNA Pol and synthesis of transcript.

Termination: termination sequence is reached and the entire transcriptional complex disassembles (transcription factors and RNA Pol)Modifications: Capping, PolyA tail. Splicing

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11
Q

Which of the following reveal normal DNA and normal karyotype?

A. Polymorphism
B. Epigenetic changes
C. Alterations in non-coding RNAs
D. Translocations
E. B and C
A

E. B and C

Epigenetic changes = normal normal
Alterations in non-coding RNAs = normal normal

Polymorphism = alternative DNA, normal karyotype
Translocation = normal DNA, irregular karyotype
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12
Q

Which of the following reveal alternative DNA but a normal karyotype?

A. Polymorphism
B. Epigenetic changes
C. Alterations in non-coding RNAs
D. Translocations
E. B and C
A

A. Polymorphism

Epigenetic changes = normal normal
Alterations in non-coding RNAs = normal normal

Polymorphism = alternative DNA, normal karyotype
Translocation = normal DNA, irregular karyotype
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13
Q

Which of the following reveal normal DNA but an irregular karyotype?

A. Polymorphism
B. Epigenetic changes
C. Alterations in non-coding RNAs
D. Translocations
E. B and C
A

D. Translocations

Epigenetic changes = normal normal
Alterations in non-coding RNAs = normal normal

Polymorphism = alternative DNA, normal karyotype
Translocation = normal DNA, irregular karyotype
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14
Q

List the names of the 3 autosomal trisomies we discussed:

A
  • Patau (trisomy 13)
  • Edwards (trisomy 18)
  • Down (trisomy 21)
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15
Q

What are the 4 “non-mutation” genetic changes we discussed in class?

A
  1. polymorphism
  2. epigenetic changes
  3. alterations in non-coding RNAs
  4. Translocation
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16
Q

Which of the following uses primary and secondary antibodies (colored)?

A. IHC
B. RT-PCR
C. Immunoblotting
D. A and B

A

D. A and B

17
Q

Which of the following use a cDNA template, primers, DNTPs, taq polymerase, buffer and thermal cycler machine?

A. IHC
B. RT-PCR
C. Immunoblotting
D. A and B

A

B. RT-PCR

18
Q

Which of the following uses antibodies, a gel, nitrocellulose membrane and buffers?

A. IHC
B. RT-PCR
C. Immunoblotting
D. A and B

A

C. Immunoblotting

19
Q

Which of the following allows you to quantify DNA or RNA?

A. IHC
B. RT-PCR
C. Immunoblotting
D. B and C

A

B. RT-PCR

20
Q

Which of the following allows you to quantify a sample of protein?

A. IHC
B. RT-PCR
C. Immunoblotting
D. B and C

A

C. Immunoblotting

note: immunoblotting uses a gel, the smaller the protein the faster it will travel through the gel

21
Q

_______ is the major protein component of ECM.

A

Collagen

22
Q

Describe collagen and the steps involved in collagen synthesis:

A
  • Collagen is the major protein component of the ECM
  • Tropocollagen is a triple helix repeating pattern

Synthesis:

  1. pre-procollagen is generated
  2. modified by cleavage into procollagen
  3. triple helix is established
  4. Tropocollagen is transported to golgi and converted to mature collagen
  5. secreted collagen is cross-linked
23
Q

_______ is an extracellular matrix protein that serves as a point of attachment for other cellular or matrix components.

A. Collagen
B. Elastin
C. Fibronectin
D. Proteoglycans

A

C. Fibronectin

Collagen: major protein component of ECM
- contains primary, secondary and tertiary structures

Elastin: very little modification, utilizes unique amino acid residues such as desmosine and isodesmosine

Fibronectin: ECM protein that serves as a point of attachment

Proteoglycans: almost entirely sugars

  • unbranched
  • extremely negative
  • provide structural support to tissues (rigid, flexible, compressible)
  • hinder bacterial movement
24
Q

_______ is modified by 5’ capping and 3’ poly A tails?

A. mRNA
B. tRNA
C. rRNA

A

A. mRNA

25
Q

Which of the following contain unique modified bases?

A. mRNA
B. tRNA
C. rRNA

A

B. tRNA

26
Q

Summarize eukaryotic RNA transcription:

A

Eukaryotic:

Initiation: binding of transcription factors and enhancer elements and recruitment of RNA pol complex

Elongation: local unwinding of DNA by RNA Pol and synthesis of transcript

Termination: termination sequence is reached and the entire transcriptional complex disassembles (transcription factors and RNA Pol)

Prokaryotic:

Initiation: sigma recognizes and binds consensus sequences in the promoter, recruits RNA Pol, DNA strands are denatured by holoenzyme and are opened, first few bases are transcribed. Sigma is released.

Elongation: Transcription continues in which RNA Pol uses DNA template and adds appropriate bases. Non-template strand is not directly used. RNA Pol synthesizes in 5’->3’ direction (U substituted for T)

Termination: Hairpin of mRNA forms, RNA Pol reaches a termination sequence in DNA template and once reached, RNA Pol and newly made mRNA transcript dissociate from DNA.

27
Q

If two GPCRs bind similar LIGANDS ________.

A. the primary protein structure of the extracellular domains would be very similar
B. the primary protein structure of their extracellular domains would be different
C. the primary protein structure of their cystolic domains would be similar
D. the primary protein structure of their cystolic domains would be different

A

A. the primary protein structure of the extracellular domains would be very similar

28
Q

If two GPCRs activate similar G proteins ________.

A. the primary protein structure of the extracellular domains would be very similar
B. the primary protein structure of their extracellular domains would be different
C. the primary protein structure of their cystolic domains would be similar
D. the primary protein structure of their cystolic domains would be different

A

C. the primary protein structure of their cystolic domains would be similar

29
Q

If two GPCRs activate dissimilar G proteins ________.

A. the primary protein structure of the extracellular domains would be very similar
B. the primary protein structure of their extracellular domains would be different
C. the primary protein structure of their cystolic domains would be similar
D. the primary protein structure of their cystolic domains would be different

A

D. the primary protein structure of their cystolic domains would be different

30
Q

If two GPCRs bind different LIGANDS ________.

A. the primary protein structure of the extracellular domains would be very similar
B. the primary protein structure of their extracellular domains would be different
C. the primary protein structure of their cystolic domains would be similar
D. the primary protein structure of their cystolic domains would be different

A

B. the primary protein structure of their extracellular domains would be different

31
Q

Which of the following is polar?

A. IP3
B. DAG

A

A. IP3

DAG is nonpolar and lipid soluble

Genetics (7 decks)

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