All of topic 2

Question 1

What is vitalism? How was it disproved?

Answer 1

Vitalism = only vital/living beings could synthesize organic compounds

disproved by the artificial synthesis of urea

Question 2

How is Sodium Chloride transported in the blood?

Answer 2

freely, as it is ionic

Question 3

How is Oxygen transported in the blood?

Answer 3

despite being soluble in low amounts in water, it is transported via Haemoglobin

Question 4

How is Glucose transported in the blood?

Answer 4

due to the Hydroxyl groups (-OH) it can travel freely in water/blood

Question 5

How are amino acids transported in the blood?

Answer 5

freely, but ionised on the amino or the carboxyl group

Question 6

How are lipids transported in the blood?

Answer 6

they from complexes with proteins called lipoproteins and travel like this as they are hydrophobic

Question 7

What is cellulose composed of?

Answer 7

linear polymer of beta-glucose, linked by a 1,4 glycosidic bond

Question 8

What is starch composed of? What are the 2 forms? What are they made of?

Answer 8

alpha-glucose
1) Amylose: linear, 1,4
2) Amylopectin: branched: 1,4 and 1,6

Question 9

What is Glycogen made of?

Answer 9

alpha glucose, branched, 1,4 and 1,6 links

Question 10

What is a triglyceride?

Answer 10

Glycerol + 3 fatty acids, bonds formed are called “Ester Bonds”

Question 11

What is the bad and the good type of cholesterol?

Answer 11

Bad: LDL
Good: HDL

Question 12

How is the Body-Mass-Index determined?

Answer 12

weight / height in m^2
Below 18.5 –> underweight
Above 25 –> overweight

Question 13

Why are lipids more suitable for long-term energy storage in humans?

Answer 13

• the amount of energy stored per volume is approx. double
• they can do other things like insulation and protection

Question 14

What is mRNA, ribosomal RNA, and tRNA?

Answer 14

mRNA: codes for proteins
ribosomal RNA: is in the ribosome, and is part of its structure, does not code
tRNA: brings amino acids to ribosomes, does not code though

Question 15

Which % of the DNA are which bases?

Answer 15

Cytosine & Guanine, each 30%
Adenine & Thymine, each 20 %

Question 16

Are enzymes fibrous or globular?

Answer 16

Globular

Question 17

How many amino acids are there?

Answer 17

20

Question 18

What is a proteome?

Answer 18

the totality of proteins expressed in a cell, tissue or organism at a certain time

Question 19

Helicase?

Answer 19

unwinds double helix and separates 2 strands by breaking the hydrogen bonds, which results in the formation of a replication fork

Question 20

DNA polymerase III ?

Answer 20

goes from 3’ to 5’ to add nucleotides during DNA replication

Question 21

Outline the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Answer 21

1. Denaturation: thermal cycler separates DNA strands
2. Annealing: primers anneal to DNA as it cools down
3. Synthesis: TAQ polymerase adds nucleotides to DNA

Question 22

What is a codon?

Answer 22

3 bases

Question 23

What is the formula for photosynthesis?

Answer 23

6 CO2 + 6 H2O –> C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Question 24

What is the formula for cell respiration?

Answer 24

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 –> 6 CO2 + 6 H20 + ATP

Question 25

A byproduct of anaerobic respiration in humans is…

Answer 25

lactate/lactic acid, which comes from the anaerobic breakdown of glucose

Question 26

Anaerobic respiration in yeast can produce…

Answer 26

ethanol and carbon dioxide -> used in beer and baking

Question 27

What is the Rf value?

Answer 27

Distance component travels / distance solvent travels in chromatography (the paper thing)

Question 28

The limiting factors of photosynthesis are…

Answer 28

temperature, light intensity, and CO2, where light intensity and CO2 are like substrate concentration and temperature is like temperature

Question 29

How did researchers find out that the atmosphere used to be oxygen-free?

Answer 29

The oxygen reacted with iron to something that landed in rocks and it can only be dated back to a certain time, i.e. before that there are no traces of oxygen