ALL OF THE REST Flashcards
STUDY (143 cards)
1
Q
ENIAC
A
Created to make more firing tables for artillery guns during WW2. However it finished in 1945 (after WW2)
2
Q
Herman Goldstine
A
The supervisor of the computer team of UPenn. One of the three inventors of the ENIAC
3
Q
John Mauchly
A
A newly hired instructured a UPenn that proposed a fully electronic calculator. One of the three inventors of the ENIAC
4
Q
A
5
Q
J.Prosper Eckert
A
A graduate student from UPenn, a brilliant engineer. One of the three inventors of the ENIAC
6
Q
Vacuum tubes
A
Modulates/amplifies the electric current.
7
Q
Frances Bilas Spence, Jean Dartik, Ruch lichterman Teitelbaum,Kathleen McNulty,Elizabeth Snyder Holberton,and Marlyn Wescoff
A
First programmers of the ENIAC were all women.
8
Q
John von neumann
A
A famous mathematician that worked on the manhattan project(Building a nuke). Later made a report with the help of the ENIAC team about computers but didn’t credit the ENIAC team leading to von Neumann architecture.
9
Q
Max Newman
A
A British engineer with computer experience from WW2. Helped build the manchester baby
10
Q
Fredreic Williams
A
A british engineer that made the williams tube. Helped build the manchester baby
11
Q
Williams Tubes
A
A cathode ray tube used instead of vacuum tubes
12
Q
Manchester baby
A
Ment to test the williams tube. Was the world’s first stored program computer.
13
Q
Maurice Wilikes
A
A physicist at cambridge, he was convinced of the First Drafts significance
14
Q
Delay lines
A
Tubes are usually filled with mercury. They would send a pulse down one end and there would be a delay then they would receive it on the other side of the mercury. Making the first memory.
15
Q
EMCC
A
The eckert mauchly computer corporation were acquired by remington rand
16
Q
UNIVAC
A
Universal Automatic computer predicted the 1952 election very closely
17
Q
Binac
A
A computer that was made for Northrop. Sadly stopped working after shipping.
18
Q
IBM 701
A
Was approx. the same power as the UNIVAC
19
Q
IBM 702
A
Similar to the 701 but was focused towards the business
20
Q
IBM 650
A
Less expensive, used magnetic drums instead of williams tubes making it slower but more reliable, and had a steep university discount hoping that they would make a computer class that would produce students that had experience with IBM machines.
21
Q
IBM and the seven dwarfs
A
IBM had 65% of the market share while their competitors had the rest.
22
Q
Vacuum Tubes
A
Was the early CPU of a computer
23
Q
Transistors
A
Replacement to the vacuum tube, it was durable, required less power, but couldn’t be mass produced until new production discoveries made them cheaper
24
Q
Batch oriented computing
A
Programmers would submit their programs to be tested on the machine and they would get the results back later.
25
Project Whirlwind
An early interactive computer. Was originally going to be a flight simulator, but the team forgot about that and started making the computer faster and faster. Was later reported to be an air defense system. Fastest and most reliable computer after they switched to core memory
26
Jay Forrester
The person in charge of the project whirlwind
27
SAGE
(SEMI-Automatic Ground Environment) MIT transferred the technology of whirlwind to IBM to make for the US gov.decommissioned in the 1980’s
28
SABRE
(Semi-Automatic Business Research Environment.) IBM made for American Airlines so when people buy flight tickets from a counter instead of writing it down they put it into the system. This also showed all of the aspects of their business.
29
TIme sharing
A bunch of keyboard terminals that connect to a mainframe so everybody gets the illusion of having their own computer due to the speed of the computer compared to a human.
30
CTSS
(Compatible time-sharing system) A time sharing system made by Fernando Corbató. Composed of an IBM 7090 computer with a 28 Megabyte disk drive. Each person was allocated a part of the disk drive. Used teletypes. Supported 30 users at its peak.
31
Teletypes
A keyboard and a printer combined. Pioneered the use of esc and control keys.
32
BASIC
(Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) A time sharing system made by two Dartmouth professors John Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz. They need their code results back quickly so they made a new programming language for students. The computer translates the language into a programming language. Became incredibly popular.
33
Multics
The time sharing operating system that was being worked on by General Electric,MIT and AT&T Bell Labs. Affected by the second system effect so it took longer and became slower,bloated, and buggy. Bell labs withdrew from the project and General Electric sold its computer division to Honeywell. Honeywell supported it until October 2000.
34
DEC
(Digital Equipment Corporation) Found in 1957 and was the leading forces in the reduction computer costs
35
PDP-1
Released in 1960 PDP was short for Programmed Data Processor. It used both transistors and core memory. It was as powerful as other computers and was cheaper. It was this cheap due to the lack of advanced peripherals(magnetic tape and disk drives)
36
PDP-11
The response to the other companies' minicomputers. Powerful quintessential minicomputer that had a modified version of BASIC. WAS INCREDIBLY INFLUENTIAL SOLD 170,000 COMPUTERS THROUGH THE 1970s.
37
PDP-8
It sold for the extremely low price of 18,000. Compared with ‘only’ being the size of a refrigerator. Became known as minicomputers. Sold over 30,000 computers.
38
UNIX
An operating system made by two Bell Labs employees Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie made an operating system. Was made on the obsolete PDP-7. Ritchie invented the C programming language for this project.
39
J.C.R Licklider
He came up with the idea of networking expensive computers to be able to use them more economically. Was the director of Information Processing Techniques Office
40
ARPANET
Was made based off of Licklider’s idea. Used a variety of computers, because of this they needed an IMP to communicate between the computers with different operating systems.It would use the telecommunication lines to create a network of cities that data would be sent through to get to its destination.Precursor of the internet.Would send the information in packets through a
41
IMP
An interface message processor that needed to be at every site of ARPANET acting as a translator between the computers with different operating systems.
42
USENET
Universities that were not part of ARPANET made their own network and mostly used the UNIX operating system.
43
Minitel Network
A French networking system that replaced a phone book. It also let you read new,check the weather,order train tickets and access over a thousand other online services
44
ALOHAnet
Made without phone lines because they would be very difficult to install in Hawaii due to the large number of islands. Used radio waves to transmit the data across the islands. IF the data crashed into each other they would send again in a few milliseconds.
45
Norm Abramson
Engineer and computer scientist that made the ALOHAnet
46
Xerox PARC
Palo Alto Research Center was the world class teachers center that made a lot of the inventions that modern computers still use or are based off of were made in Xerox PARC
47
Alto
A revolutionary personal computer that changed the computer world. Had a screen,which in itself was really big, that was able to show photos and text. Used a mouse. Finished in 1973
48
Laser printer
Made and invented at PARC modern day printer. Uses a laser to guide the ink onto the page.
49
Daisy wheel printer
Operates like a typewriter. Writes beautiful words but cannot print pics
50
Dot matrix Printer
Used a series of pins with ink to press into the paper making clotty and pixelated words and images. Could print images.
51
Ethernet
Made when researcher Robert Metcalfe plugged the Alto into a coaxial cable that ran through the building. Letting the alto’s send messages to each other. When the info collided with each other it would resend in a random amount of milliseconds. When the design was finished the ethernet supported speeds of 3 million bits per second. Much faster than the other technologies of that time.
52
Bravo
The first graphical user interface based word processor. Took advantage of the bitmapped screen so that you could see words and images.
53
WYSIWYG(whizzy-wig)
‘What you see is what you get’ is an acronym for the marketing of bravo.
54
Small Talk
A program that made object oriented programs more popular. Developed at Xerox PARC made by Alan kay
55
Alan Kay
The programmer who developed the program Small Talk
56
CLU
A program that made object oriented programming popular. Developed at MIT by Barbara Liskov.
57
Barbara Liskov
The programmer at MIT that made CLU.
58
Xerox Star
A computer that had all of Xerox’s impressive technology. Adoption was slowed by its $16,000 price tag. Since computer hardware was not advanced enough the advanced operating system made the computer feel sluggish. Xerox later stopped selling computers in the 1980s.
59
Microprocessor
Also known as the integrated circuit it enabled computers to become even smaller. This happened due to the fact that many transistors could fit on to one chip.
60
Robert Noyce
One of the inventors of the integrated circuit he became disillusioned with a company he co-founded Fairchild Semiconductor. Founded Intel with Gordon Moore
61
Gordon Moore
The engineer Noyce co-founded Intel with.
62
Intel
A company founded by Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore. Later released a general-purpose microprocessor.
63
4004 microprocessor
A general-purpose microprocessor that was released by Intel. Could be used for anything with the correct software. Was marketed as a computer on a chip.
64
8080
The predecessor to the 4004 was better than it.
65
Altair 880
A highly influential personal computer. Was 400 dollars, which was thousands of dollars less than DEC’s cheapest computer. Used Intel 8080, was very limited and made by unknown startup MITS. However due to the sudden orders they were not ready to make a lot of computers. Due to being expendable, companies were allowed to create extension cards for it. Proved that lots of people wanted a computer that they could afford.
66
Expansion Chip
Chips that let the Altair have additional memory and the ability to connect to other devices.
67
Microsoft BASIC
Was Microsoft’s product. Was very fast and powerful. It could run on the 8080 intel processor. It was licensed to other manufacturers.
68
TRS-80
Made by Radio Shack, an established electronics retailer. They used their stores to sell their computers. This gave their computer a wide audience.
69
Commodore Pet
Made by commodore a respected producer of calculators that later switched to computer when calculators become an inexpensive commodity item.. Was awkward for user with its calculator style keyboard. The commodore 64 has the record for being the best selling desktop computer of all time.
70
Apple II
This computer was designed by computer pioneer Steve Jobs with input from Steve Wozinak. Was Apple's first mass produced computer.
71
Video Games
Although it wasn’t a “serious” application of a computer, video games pushed a lot of people to buy a home computer.However the video games were custom computers. Pong was created by wiring several microchips together. However as microprocessors became more common game developers realized they could make better games by coding them.
72
VISICALC
The first digital spreadsheet. It was made on the Apple II. People bought it just to use VISICALC. Was the first killer app.
73
Daniel Bricklin
A co-creator of VISICALC got the idea by seeing his professors at harvard updating a grid of numbers.
74
Wang OIS
Office information system, one of the first commercially successful word processors, was a specialized computer in and of itself.
75
Killer app
An app that people “needed to have”.
76
Tim Paterson
Wrote Microsoft’s operating system. It was a simple operating system that was compatible with the Intel 8080.
77
IBM PC
An IBM computer that was made using off the shelf parts which was unusual for IBM. It went with the Intel 8080 which was better than the one used in the Altair 8800,used BASIC licensed from Microsoft, and IBM licensed the Microsoft operating system.
78
QDOS(later renamed MS-DOS microsoft disk operating system)
(quick and dirty operating system) The operating system that Tim Paterson wrote for microsoft. Formed the basics of all Microsoft OS’s for the next 20 years
79
Bill Gates
The leader of microsoft and offered IBM a operating system to IBM when they didn’t have the OS(operating system)
80
Apple Lisa
Was designed when Steve Jobs realized that the Alto’s mouse-driven-point-and-click was going to be the future. Made the Apple Lisa which was also genius but too expensive for the general public.
81
Apple Macintosh
Was the predecessor to the Apple Lisa which was affordable but still had a GUI. To cut costs the Macintosh had no internal hard disk, one 3 ½ inch floppy disk drive with no expansion slots,and had only 128 kilobytes of memory which was really small for a GUI.
82
IBM PC clones
Since the IBM PC was made using off the shelf parts they were vulnerable to copying. The only thing stopping clones was the BIOS. The BIOS lets the software interact with the hardware. Copying the BIOS would result in a lawsuit. However the BIOS was reverse engineered and a flood of IBM PC clones were on the market.
83
Windows 1
The first version of Windows was a software layer that ran over MS-DOS that let MS-DOS run on a GUI. Was buggy and slow
84
OS/2
Supposed to be the successor of Windows and MS-DOS. Coincided with the PS/2 IBM’s new personal computer.However Microsoft never stopped developing windows.
85
Windows 2
Was very unremarkable
86
Windows 3
It was a big improvement with an interface very similar to Apple and ran on cheaper hardware.
87
Microsoft
Dominated the personal computer in the 1990s with Apple holding a far second.
88
Richard Stallman
A programmer at the AI labs at MIT.He was frustrated that he couldn't share code from a project.So he made a free operating system with ha kernel called GNU
89
Linus Torvalds
He made the Linux kernel that fit perfectly fit with the GNU source code
90
Hypertext
Allows a user to access a document from another document
91
Ted Nelson
the person who coined the term hypertext.
92
As we think
The report of Vannevar Bush that influenced the people who made and implemented hypertext.
93
Memex
The machine that was described in Bush's report that could retrieve any one of thousands of documents stored on a microfilm.
94
Tim Berners Lee
The man who invent the World Wide Web(WWW)
95
World Wide Web
The combination of the internet and hypertext to make the world wide Web. It was made in Switzerland.
96
Https
Hypertext Transfer Protocol
97
www.cmu.edu
the name of a server at Carnegie Melon University.
98
/news/stories/archives/2022/
august/
names of folders and subfolders on a server
99
summer-science-research.html
Is the file name of the html page
100
Mosaic
Made during 1992-3 by Marc Anderson and Eric Bina which was superior to other Web browsers and it was able to display text and images. It also worked on Windows,Macintosh,and Unix. IT WAS FREE
101
How was Netscape Navigator made
This was made because Anderson wanted to make a business marketing Mosaic but the Universtiy of Illinois said that the border belonged to the University.
102
Netscape Navigator
Marc Andreeson made a browser from scratch that included many improvements. Quickly overtook Mosaic
103
Internet Explorer
Based of the old Mosaic code due to Microsoft being caught off guard with online browsers. However after caching up with Netscape Navigator Microsoft integrated Internet Explorer into there operating system providing convenient features.
104
Early Web browsers
Were text based didn't have pictures
105
_____________ replaced ________________ which was in turn replaced by ____________________
Netscape,mosaic,and Internet Explorer.
106
Dot Com bubble
When investors were investing into new tech startups hoping to jump on the next big thing But most of the businesses had no plan leading to failure.
107
Java
A programming lang. that found a niche making applets for websites on the World Wide Web.
108
Is Java still popular today?
YES!!!!!!!!!!
109
How did Steve Jobs get kicked out of Apple
He got into a disagreement with some of his directors and got fired.
110
How did Apple get Steve Jobs back.
They bought his new company NeXT
111
iMac
The first of a long line of computers that provided a challenge to the Wintel(Windows+Intel) domination.
112
What did Mircosoft spend the 1990s doing
Fighting a lawsuit about the Windows Monopoly
113
PDA
Allowed for remote work
114
GPS
Allowed for easy navigation
115
MP3 players
allowed for music everywhere
116
Cellular Phones
Allowed for communication. Early phones were called bricks due to there size
117
Smartphones
Combined PDAs,GPS,MP3,and Cellular phones together
118
What did App stores provide
A unified Storefront for buying software
119
What is the most prominent example of "Web 2.0"
Social Media
120
What are Tablets
The natural outgrowth of the smartphone, almost indistinguishable from a laptop
121
What was the outcome of Oracle suing Google over the use of APIs
The Supreme Court ruling in the favor of Google
122
Why was the Supreme Court ruling from the Oracle vs. Google case
APIs are not subject to copyright protection
123
Cloud computing is today's version of ___________________
Time Sharing
124
How has time sharing become cost effective
Web Hosting and Software as a Service
125
COVID-19 has made us more reliant on ___________________ ________________
Computer Networks
126
How did Covid effect workers
Some had to telecommunte and for some it became the new normal.
127
Blockchain
The technology that is behind bitcoins and NFTs
128
Artificial Intelligence
An old field of study that was rejuvenated by machine learning
129
Quantum Computing
Storing info in atoms instead of electricity. However it is mostly theoretical and lab confined. It could result in incredibly faster computers in the future.
130
Richard Stallman
The founder of the GNU project an open source project.
131
Linus Torvalds
Creator of the Linux kernel that concidentally worked perfectly with GNU and became the 'heart' of the GNU source code
132
Andrew Tannenbaum
Creator of Minix operating system.Provided inspiration to Linux
133
Ted Nelson
Coined the word hypertext
134
Tim Berners-Lee
inventor of the World Wide Web
135
Marc Andreesen
The co-developer of Mosaic the first Web browsers with graphics
136
Eric Bina
The co-developer of Mosaic the first Web browser with graphics.
137
James Gosling
Creator of the programmer language Java
138
Steve Jobs
Was the founder of Apple but was fired from the company. He returned and led the company back to profitability.
139
Jony Ive
The designer at Apple who designed the iMac,iPod,and iPhone
140
Mark Zuckerberg
The creator of Course Match,facemash,and facebook
141
Gordon Moore
Co-founder of Intel creator of 'Moore's Law'
142
Satoshi Nakamoto
Inventor of bitcoin and Blockchain, the name is likely a pseudonym
143
