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1
Q

ENIAC

A

Created to make more firing tables for artillery guns during WW2. However it finished in 1945 (after WW2)

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2
Q

Herman Goldstine

A

The supervisor of the computer team of UPenn. One of the three inventors of the ENIAC

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3
Q

John Mauchly

A

A newly hired instructured a UPenn that proposed a fully electronic calculator. One of the three inventors of the ENIAC

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4
Q
A
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5
Q

J.Prosper Eckert

A

A graduate student from UPenn, a brilliant engineer. One of the three inventors of the ENIAC

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6
Q

Vacuum tubes

A

Modulates/amplifies the electric current.

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7
Q

Frances Bilas Spence, Jean Dartik, Ruch lichterman Teitelbaum,Kathleen McNulty,Elizabeth Snyder Holberton,and Marlyn Wescoff

A

First programmers of the ENIAC were all women.

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8
Q

John von neumann

A

A famous mathematician that worked on the manhattan project(Building a nuke). Later made a report with the help of the ENIAC team about computers but didn’t credit the ENIAC team leading to von Neumann architecture.

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9
Q

Max Newman

A

A British engineer with computer experience from WW2. Helped build the manchester baby

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10
Q

Fredreic Williams

A

A british engineer that made the williams tube. Helped build the manchester baby

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11
Q

Williams Tubes

A

A cathode ray tube used instead of vacuum tubes

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12
Q

Manchester baby

A

Ment to test the williams tube. Was the world’s first stored program computer.

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13
Q

Maurice Wilikes

A

A physicist at cambridge, he was convinced of the First Drafts significance

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14
Q

Delay lines

A

Tubes are usually filled with mercury. They would send a pulse down one end and there would be a delay then they would receive it on the other side of the mercury. Making the first memory.

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15
Q

EMCC

A

The eckert mauchly computer corporation were acquired by remington rand

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16
Q

UNIVAC

A

Universal Automatic computer predicted the 1952 election very closely

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17
Q

Binac

A

A computer that was made for Northrop. Sadly stopped working after shipping.

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18
Q

IBM 701

A

Was approx. the same power as the UNIVAC

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19
Q

IBM 702

A

Similar to the 701 but was focused towards the business

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20
Q

IBM 650

A

Less expensive, used magnetic drums instead of williams tubes making it slower but more reliable, and had a steep university discount hoping that they would make a computer class that would produce students that had experience with IBM machines.

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21
Q

IBM and the seven dwarfs

A

IBM had 65% of the market share while their competitors had the rest.

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22
Q

Vacuum Tubes

A

Was the early CPU of a computer

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23
Q

Transistors

A

Replacement to the vacuum tube, it was durable, required less power, but couldn’t be mass produced until new production discoveries made them cheaper

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24
Q

Batch oriented computing

A

Programmers would submit their programs to be tested on the machine and they would get the results back later.

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25
Q

Project Whirlwind

A

An early interactive computer. Was originally going to be a flight simulator, but the team forgot about that and started making the computer faster and faster. Was later reported to be an air defense system. Fastest and most reliable computer after they switched to core memory

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26
Q

Jay Forrester

A

The person in charge of the project whirlwind

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27
Q

SAGE

A

(SEMI-Automatic Ground Environment) MIT transferred the technology of whirlwind to IBM to make for the US gov.decommissioned in the 1980’s

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28
Q

SABRE

A

(Semi-Automatic Business Research Environment.) IBM made for American Airlines so when people buy flight tickets from a counter instead of writing it down they put it into the system. This also showed all of the aspects of their business.

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29
Q

TIme sharing

A

A bunch of keyboard terminals that connect to a mainframe so everybody gets the illusion of having their own computer due to the speed of the computer compared to a human.

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30
Q

CTSS

A

(Compatible time-sharing system) A time sharing system made by Fernando Corbató. Composed of an IBM 7090 computer with a 28 Megabyte disk drive. Each person was allocated a part of the disk drive. Used teletypes. Supported 30 users at its peak.

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31
Q

Teletypes

A

A keyboard and a printer combined. Pioneered the use of esc and control keys.

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32
Q

BASIC

A

(Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) A time sharing system made by two Dartmouth professors John Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz. They need their code results back quickly so they made a new programming language for students. The computer translates the language into a programming language. Became incredibly popular.

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33
Q

Multics

A

The time sharing operating system that was being worked on by General Electric,MIT and AT&T Bell Labs. Affected by the second system effect so it took longer and became slower,bloated, and buggy. Bell labs withdrew from the project and General Electric sold its computer division to Honeywell. Honeywell supported it until October 2000.

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34
Q

DEC

A

(Digital Equipment Corporation) Found in 1957 and was the leading forces in the reduction computer costs

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35
Q

PDP-1

A

Released in 1960 PDP was short for Programmed Data Processor. It used both transistors and core memory. It was as powerful as other computers and was cheaper. It was this cheap due to the lack of advanced peripherals(magnetic tape and disk drives)

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36
Q

PDP-11

A

The response to the other companies’ minicomputers. Powerful quintessential minicomputer that had a modified version of BASIC. WAS INCREDIBLY INFLUENTIAL SOLD 170,000 COMPUTERS THROUGH THE 1970s.

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37
Q

PDP-8

A

It sold for the extremely low price of 18,000. Compared with ‘only’ being the size of a refrigerator. Became known as minicomputers. Sold over 30,000 computers.

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38
Q

UNIX

A

An operating system made by two Bell Labs employees Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie made an operating system. Was made on the obsolete PDP-7. Ritchie invented the C programming language for this project.

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39
Q

J.C.R Licklider

A

He came up with the idea of networking expensive computers to be able to use them more economically. Was the director of Information Processing Techniques Office

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40
Q

ARPANET

A

Was made based off of Licklider’s idea. Used a variety of computers, because of this they needed an IMP to communicate between the computers with different operating systems.It would use the telecommunication lines to create a network of cities that data would be sent through to get to its destination.Precursor of the internet.Would send the information in packets through a

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41
Q

IMP

A

An interface message processor that needed to be at every site of ARPANET acting as a translator between the computers with different operating systems.

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42
Q

USENET

A

Universities that were not part of ARPANET made their own network and mostly used the UNIX operating system.

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43
Q

Minitel Network

A

A French networking system that replaced a phone book. It also let you read new,check the weather,order train tickets and access over a thousand other online services

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44
Q

ALOHAnet

A

Made without phone lines because they would be very difficult to install in Hawaii due to the large number of islands. Used radio waves to transmit the data across the islands. IF the data crashed into each other they would send again in a few milliseconds.

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45
Q

Norm Abramson

A

Engineer and computer scientist that made the ALOHAnet

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46
Q

Xerox PARC

A

Palo Alto Research Center was the world class teachers center that made a lot of the inventions that modern computers still use or are based off of were made in Xerox PARC

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47
Q

Alto

A

A revolutionary personal computer that changed the computer world. Had a screen,which in itself was really big, that was able to show photos and text. Used a mouse. Finished in 1973

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48
Q

Laser printer

A

Made and invented at PARC modern day printer. Uses a laser to guide the ink onto the page.

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49
Q

Daisy wheel printer

A

Operates like a typewriter. Writes beautiful words but cannot print pics

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50
Q

Dot matrix Printer

A

Used a series of pins with ink to press into the paper making clotty and pixelated words and images. Could print images.

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51
Q

Ethernet

A

Made when researcher Robert Metcalfe plugged the Alto into a coaxial cable that ran through the building. Letting the alto’s send messages to each other. When the info collided with each other it would resend in a random amount of milliseconds. When the design was finished the ethernet supported speeds of 3 million bits per second. Much faster than the other technologies of that time.

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52
Q

Bravo

A

The first graphical user interface based word processor. Took advantage of the bitmapped screen so that you could see words and images.

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53
Q

WYSIWYG(whizzy-wig)

A

‘What you see is what you get’ is an acronym for the marketing of bravo.

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54
Q

Small Talk

A

A program that made object oriented programs more popular. Developed at Xerox PARC made by Alan kay

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55
Q

Alan Kay

A

The programmer who developed the program Small Talk

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56
Q

CLU

A

A program that made object oriented programming popular. Developed at MIT by Barbara Liskov.

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57
Q

Barbara Liskov

A

The programmer at MIT that made CLU.

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58
Q

Xerox Star

A

A computer that had all of Xerox’s impressive technology. Adoption was slowed by its $16,000 price tag. Since computer hardware was not advanced enough the advanced operating system made the computer feel sluggish. Xerox later stopped selling computers in the 1980s.

59
Q

Microprocessor

A

Also known as the integrated circuit it enabled computers to become even smaller. This happened due to the fact that many transistors could fit on to one chip.

60
Q

Robert Noyce

A

One of the inventors of the integrated circuit he became disillusioned with a company he co-founded Fairchild Semiconductor. Founded Intel with Gordon Moore

61
Q

Gordon Moore

A

The engineer Noyce co-founded Intel with.

62
Q

Intel

A

A company founded by Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore. Later released a general-purpose microprocessor.

63
Q

4004 microprocessor

A

A general-purpose microprocessor that was released by Intel. Could be used for anything with the correct software. Was marketed as a computer on a chip.

64
Q

8080

A

The predecessor to the 4004 was better than it.

65
Q

Altair 880

A

A highly influential personal computer. Was 400 dollars, which was thousands of dollars less than DEC’s cheapest computer. Used Intel 8080, was very limited and made by unknown startup MITS. However due to the sudden orders they were not ready to make a lot of computers. Due to being expendable, companies were allowed to create extension cards for it. Proved that lots of people wanted a computer that they could afford.

66
Q

Expansion Chip

A

Chips that let the Altair have additional memory and the ability to connect to other devices.

67
Q

Microsoft BASIC

A

Was Microsoft’s product. Was very fast and powerful. It could run on the 8080 intel processor. It was licensed to other manufacturers.

68
Q

TRS-80

A

Made by Radio Shack, an established electronics retailer. They used their stores to sell their computers. This gave their computer a wide audience.

69
Q

Commodore Pet

A

Made by commodore a respected producer of calculators that later switched to computer when calculators become an inexpensive commodity item.. Was awkward for user with its calculator style keyboard. The commodore 64 has the record for being the best selling desktop computer of all time.

70
Q

Apple II

A

This computer was designed by computer pioneer Steve Jobs with input from Steve Wozinak. Was Apple’s first mass produced computer.

71
Q

Video Games

A

Although it wasn’t a “serious” application of a computer, video games pushed a lot of people to buy a home computer.However the video games were custom computers. Pong was created by wiring several microchips together. However as microprocessors became more common game developers realized they could make better games by coding them.

72
Q

VISICALC

A

The first digital spreadsheet. It was made on the Apple II. People bought it just to use VISICALC. Was the first killer app.

73
Q

Daniel Bricklin

A

A co-creator of VISICALC got the idea by seeing his professors at harvard updating a grid of numbers.

74
Q

Wang OIS

A

Office information system, one of the first commercially successful word processors, was a specialized computer in and of itself.

75
Q

Killer app

A

An app that people “needed to have”.

76
Q

Tim Paterson

A

Wrote Microsoft’s operating system. It was a simple operating system that was compatible with the Intel 8080.

77
Q

IBM PC

A

An IBM computer that was made using off the shelf parts which was unusual for IBM. It went with the Intel 8080 which was better than the one used in the Altair 8800,used BASIC licensed from Microsoft, and IBM licensed the Microsoft operating system.

78
Q

QDOS(later renamed MS-DOS microsoft disk operating system)

A

(quick and dirty operating system) The operating system that Tim Paterson wrote for microsoft. Formed the basics of all Microsoft OS’s for the next 20 years

79
Q

Bill Gates

A

The leader of microsoft and offered IBM a operating system to IBM when they didn’t have the OS(operating system)

80
Q

Apple Lisa

A

Was designed when Steve Jobs realized that the Alto’s mouse-driven-point-and-click was going to be the future. Made the Apple Lisa which was also genius but too expensive for the general public.

81
Q

Apple Macintosh

A

Was the predecessor to the Apple Lisa which was affordable but still had a GUI. To cut costs the Macintosh had no internal hard disk, one 3 ½ inch floppy disk drive with no expansion slots,and had only 128 kilobytes of memory which was really small for a GUI.

82
Q

IBM PC clones

A

Since the IBM PC was made using off the shelf parts they were vulnerable to copying. The only thing stopping clones was the BIOS. The BIOS lets the software interact with the hardware. Copying the BIOS would result in a lawsuit. However the BIOS was reverse engineered and a flood of IBM PC clones were on the market.

83
Q

Windows 1

A

The first version of Windows was a software layer that ran over MS-DOS that let MS-DOS run on a GUI. Was buggy and slow

84
Q

OS/2

A

Supposed to be the successor of Windows and MS-DOS. Coincided with the PS/2 IBM’s new personal computer.However Microsoft never stopped developing windows.

85
Q

Windows 2

A

Was very unremarkable

86
Q

Windows 3

A

It was a big improvement with an interface very similar to Apple and ran on cheaper hardware.

87
Q

Microsoft

A

Dominated the personal computer in the 1990s with Apple holding a far second.

88
Q

Richard Stallman

A

A programmer at the AI labs at MIT.He was frustrated that he couldn’t share code from a project.So he made a free operating system with ha kernel called GNU

89
Q

Linus Torvalds

A

He made the Linux kernel that fit perfectly fit with the GNU source code

90
Q

Hypertext

A

Allows a user to access a document from another document

91
Q

Ted Nelson

A

the person who coined the term hypertext.

92
Q

As we think

A

The report of Vannevar Bush that influenced the people who made and implemented hypertext.

93
Q

Memex

A

The machine that was described in Bush’s report that could retrieve any one of thousands of documents stored on a microfilm.

94
Q

Tim Berners Lee

A

The man who invent the World Wide Web(WWW)

95
Q

World Wide Web

A

The combination of the internet and hypertext to make the world wide Web. It was made in Switzerland.

96
Q

Https

A

Hypertext Transfer Protocol

97
Q

www.cmu.edu

A

the name of a server at Carnegie Melon University.

98
Q

/news/stories/archives/2022/
august/

A

names of folders and subfolders on a server

99
Q

summer-science-research.html

A

Is the file name of the html page

100
Q

Mosaic

A

Made during 1992-3 by Marc Anderson and Eric Bina which was superior to other Web browsers and it was able to display text and images. It also worked on Windows,Macintosh,and Unix. IT WAS FREE

101
Q

How was Netscape Navigator made

A

This was made because Anderson wanted to make a business marketing Mosaic but the Universtiy of Illinois said that the border belonged to the University.

102
Q

Netscape Navigator

A

Marc Andreeson made a browser from scratch that included many improvements. Quickly overtook Mosaic

103
Q

Internet Explorer

A

Based of the old Mosaic code due to Microsoft being caught off guard with online browsers. However after caching up with Netscape Navigator Microsoft integrated Internet Explorer into there operating system providing convenient features.

104
Q

Early Web browsers

A

Were text based didn’t have pictures

105
Q

_____________ replaced ________________ which was in turn replaced by ____________________

A

Netscape,mosaic,and Internet Explorer.

106
Q

Dot Com bubble

A

When investors were investing into new tech startups hoping to jump on the next big thing But most of the businesses had no plan leading to failure.

107
Q

Java

A

A programming lang. that found a niche making applets for websites on the World Wide Web.

108
Q

Is Java still popular today?

A

YES!!!!!!!!!!

109
Q

How did Steve Jobs get kicked out of Apple

A

He got into a disagreement with some of his directors and got fired.

110
Q

How did Apple get Steve Jobs back.

A

They bought his new company NeXT

111
Q

iMac

A

The first of a long line of computers that provided a challenge to the Wintel(Windows+Intel) domination.

112
Q

What did Mircosoft spend the 1990s doing

A

Fighting a lawsuit about the Windows Monopoly

113
Q

PDA

A

Allowed for remote work

114
Q

GPS

A

Allowed for easy navigation

115
Q

MP3 players

A

allowed for music everywhere

116
Q

Cellular Phones

A

Allowed for communication. Early phones were called bricks due to there size

117
Q

Smartphones

A

Combined PDAs,GPS,MP3,and Cellular phones together

118
Q

What did App stores provide

A

A unified Storefront for buying software

119
Q

What is the most prominent example of “Web 2.0”

A

Social Media

120
Q

What are Tablets

A

The natural outgrowth of the smartphone, almost indistinguishable from a laptop

121
Q

What was the outcome of Oracle suing Google over the use of APIs

A

The Supreme Court ruling in the favor of Google

122
Q

Why was the Supreme Court ruling from the Oracle vs. Google case

A

APIs are not subject to copyright protection

123
Q

Cloud computing is today’s version of ___________________

A

Time Sharing

124
Q

How has time sharing become cost effective

A

Web Hosting and Software as a Service

125
Q

COVID-19 has made us more reliant on ___________________ ________________

A

Computer Networks

126
Q

How did Covid effect workers

A

Some had to telecommunte and for some it became the new normal.

127
Q

Blockchain

A

The technology that is behind bitcoins and NFTs

128
Q

Artificial Intelligence

A

An old field of study that was rejuvenated by machine learning

129
Q

Quantum Computing

A

Storing info in atoms instead of electricity. However it is mostly theoretical and lab confined. It could result in incredibly faster computers in the future.

130
Q

Richard Stallman

A

The founder of the GNU project an open source project.

131
Q

Linus Torvalds

A

Creator of the Linux kernel that concidentally worked perfectly with GNU and became the ‘heart’ of the GNU source code

132
Q

Andrew Tannenbaum

A

Creator of Minix operating system.Provided inspiration to Linux

133
Q

Ted Nelson

A

Coined the word hypertext

134
Q

Tim Berners-Lee

A

inventor of the World Wide Web

135
Q

Marc Andreesen

A

The co-developer of Mosaic the first Web browsers with graphics

136
Q

Eric Bina

A

The co-developer of Mosaic the first Web browser with graphics.

137
Q

James Gosling

A

Creator of the programmer language Java

138
Q

Steve Jobs

A

Was the founder of Apple but was fired from the company. He returned and led the company back to profitability.

139
Q

Jony Ive

A

The designer at Apple who designed the iMac,iPod,and iPhone

140
Q

Mark Zuckerberg

A

The creator of Course Match,facemash,and facebook

141
Q

Gordon Moore

A

Co-founder of Intel creator of ‘Moore’s Law’

142
Q

Satoshi Nakamoto

A

Inventor of bitcoin and Blockchain, the name is likely a pseudonym

143
Q
A

Social Studies (2 decks)

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