All Mechanisms Flashcards by Jasmine Maladi

Q

Alkene to Haloalkane

A

HX (hydrogen halide)
electrophilic addition

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Q

Alkene to alcohol

A

steam + H₂SO₄/ H₃PO₄
300ºc + 60atm
hydration

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Q

Alkene to alkane

A

H₂ + Ni catalyst
150ºC
electrophilic addition/ hydrogenation

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Q

Alcohol to alkene

A

CONC. H₃PO₄ or H₂SO₄
HEAT
elimination/ dehydration

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Q

Alcohol to haloalkane

A

NaX + H₂SO₄
HEAT under reflux
nucleophilic substitution

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Q

Haloalkane to alcohol

A

NaOH_(aq)
HEAT under reflux
nucleophilic substitution

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Q

Alkane to haloalkane

A

X₂
UV light
free radical substitution

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Q

Primary Alcohol to aldehyde

A

acidified potassium dichromate
distillation
oxidation

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Q

Secondary alcohol to ketone

A

acididied potassium dichromate
HEAT under reflux
oxidation

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Q

Primary alcohol to a carboxylic acid

A

acidified potassium dichromate
HEAT under reflux
oxidation

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Q

Aldehyde to primary alcohol

A

NaBH₄/ H₂O
reduction

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Q

Ketone to secondary alcohol

A

NaBH₄/ H₂O
reduction

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Q

Haloalkane to nitrile

A

ethanolic KCN
HEAT under reflux
nucleophilic substitution

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Q

Haloalkane to amine

A

excess ethanolic ammonia
HEAT
nucleophilic substitution

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Q

Nitrile to carboxylic acid

A

H₂O/ HCL
HEAT
hydrolysis

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Q

Aldehyde to hydroxynitrile

A

NaCN_(aq)/ H+
nucleohilic addition

Q

Alcohol to ester

A

carboxylic acid/ conc. H₂SO₄
OR acid anhydride
esterification

Q

Carboxylic acid to Ester

A

alcohol/ conc. H₂SO₄
esterification

Q

Ester to carboxylate salt + alcohol

A

NaOH_(aq)
alkaline hydrolysis

Q

Ester to carboxylic acid

A

dilute acid
HEAT
acid hydrolysis

Q

Carboxylic acid to acyl chloride

A

SOCl₂
chlorination

Q

Acyl chloride to carboxylic acid

A

H₂O
hydrolysis

Q

Acyl chloride to primary amide

A

ammonia
nucleophilic addition elimination

Q

Acyl chloride to secondary amine

A

primary amine
nucleophilic addition elimination

Q

Benzene to methyl benzene

A

CH₃Cl/ AlCl₃
Alkylation/ electrophilic substitution

Q

Benzene to bromobenzene

A

Br₂/FeBr₃
bromination/electrophilic substitution

Q

Benzene to chlorobenzene

A

Cl₂/AlCl₃
chlorination/electrophilic substitution

Q

benzene to nitrobenzene

A

conc. HNO₃/conc. H₂SO₄
nitration/ electrophilic substitution

Q

nitrobenzene to aminobenzene

A

Sn/ conc.HCl

Q

aminobenzene to 2,4,6 tribromoaminobenzene

A

Br₂
electrophilic substitution

Q

benzene to phenylethanone

A

CH₃COCl/ AlCl₃
acylation/electrophilic substitution

Q

Phenylethanone to 1-phenylethanol

A

NaBH₄
reduction

Q

Phenol to 2-nitrophenol + 4-nitrophenol

A

dilute HNO₃
electrophilic substitution

Q

Phenol to 2,4,6-tribromophenol

A

Br₂
electrophilic substitution

Q

Phenol to phenoxide ion/salt

A

NaOH
neutralisation