All Mechanisms Flashcards

1
Q

Alkene to Haloalkane

A
  • HX (hydrogen halide)
  • electrophilic addition
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2
Q

Alkene to alcohol

A
  • steam + H2SO4/ H3PO4
  • 300ºc + 60atm
  • hydration
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3
Q

Alkene to alkane

A
  • H2 + Ni catalyst
  • 150ºC
  • electrophilic addition/ hydrogenation
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4
Q

Alcohol to alkene

A
  • CONC. H3PO4 or H2SO4
  • HEAT
  • elimination/ dehydration
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5
Q

Alcohol to haloalkane

A
  • NaX + H2SO4
  • HEAT under reflux
  • nucleophilic substitution
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6
Q

Haloalkane to alcohol

A
  • NaOH(aq)
  • HEAT under reflux
  • nucleophilic substitution
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7
Q

Alkane to haloalkane

A
  • X2
  • UV light
  • free radical substitution
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8
Q

Primary Alcohol to aldehyde

A
  • acidified potassium dichromate
  • distillation
  • oxidation
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9
Q

Secondary alcohol to ketone

A
  • acididied potassium dichromate
  • HEAT under reflux
  • oxidation
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10
Q

Primary alcohol to a carboxylic acid

A
  • acidified potassium dichromate
  • HEAT under reflux
  • oxidation
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11
Q

Aldehyde to primary alcohol

A
  • NaBH4/ H2O
  • reduction
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12
Q

Ketone to secondary alcohol

A
  • NaBH4/ H2O
  • reduction
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13
Q

Haloalkane to nitrile

A
  • ethanolic KCN
  • HEAT under reflux
  • nucleophilic substitution
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14
Q

Haloalkane to amine

A
  • excess ethanolic ammonia
  • HEAT
  • nucleophilic substitution
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15
Q

Nitrile to carboxylic acid

A
  • H2O/ HCL
  • HEAT
  • hydrolysis
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16
Q

Aldehyde to hydroxynitrile

A
  • NaCN(aq)/ H+
  • nucleohilic addition
17
Q

Alcohol to ester

A
  • carboxylic acid/ conc. H2SO4
  • OR acid anhydride
  • esterification
18
Q

Carboxylic acid to Ester

A
  • alcohol/ conc. H2SO4
  • esterification
19
Q

Ester to carboxylate salt + alcohol

A
  • NaOH(aq)
  • alkaline hydrolysis
20
Q

Ester to carboxylic acid

A
  • dilute acid
  • HEAT
  • acid hydrolysis
21
Q

Carboxylic acid to acyl chloride

A
  • SOCl2
  • chlorination
22
Q

Acyl chloride to carboxylic acid

A
  • H2O
  • hydrolysis
23
Q

Acyl chloride to primary amide

A
  • ammonia
  • nucleophilic addition elimination
24
Q

Acyl chloride to secondary amine

A
  • primary amine
  • nucleophilic addition elimination
25
Q

Benzene to methyl benzene

A
  • CH3Cl/ AlCl3
  • Alkylation/ electrophilic substitution
26
Q

Benzene to bromobenzene

A
  • Br2/FeBr3
  • bromination/electrophilic substitution
27
Q

Benzene to chlorobenzene

A
  • Cl2/AlCl3
  • chlorination/electrophilic substitution
28
Q

benzene to nitrobenzene

A
  • conc. HNO3/conc. H2SO4
  • nitration/ electrophilic substitution
29
Q

nitrobenzene to aminobenzene

A
  • Sn/ conc.HCl
30
Q

aminobenzene to 2,4,6 tribromoaminobenzene

A
  • Br2
  • electrophilic substitution
31
Q

benzene to phenylethanone

A
  • CH3COCl/ AlCl3
  • acylation/electrophilic substitution
32
Q

Phenylethanone to 1-phenylethanol

A
  • NaBH4
  • reduction
33
Q

Phenol to 2-nitrophenol + 4-nitrophenol

A
  • dilute HNO3
  • electrophilic substitution
34
Q

Phenol to 2,4,6-tribromophenol

A
  • Br2
  • electrophilic substitution
35
Q

Phenol to phenoxide ion/salt

A
  • NaOH
  • neutralisation