All Lessons - AT 1

Question 1

What are the 7 Geographical Concepts (SPICESS)

Answer 1

Space, Place, Interconnection, Change, Environment, Sustainability, Scale,

Question 2

Whats ‘Space’ refer to?

Answer 2

The arrangement of things on earth (like location distance, and distribution of features)

Question 3

Whats ‘Place’ refer to?

Answer 3

• Locations which are special/have meaning to people, or are unique (due to both physical and human features)
• People’s interact with place differently based on experiences, cultures, and connections

Question 4

Whats ‘Interconnection’ refer to?

Answer 4

How places, people, and environments are connected through processes like trade and migration.
e.g. - Deforestation in the amazon could affect climate patterns somewhere else

Question 5

Whats ‘Change’ refer to?

Answer 5

How places, environments, and spatial patterns evolve over time due to natural and human processes.

Question 6

Whats ‘Environment’ refer to?

Answer 6

The relationship between humans and nature, including how we depend and interact with it

Question 7

Whats ‘Sustainability’ refer to?

Answer 7

Ensuring we use resources in moderation to ensure they are available for future generations

Question 8

Whats ‘Scale’ refer to?

Answer 8

Examining geographical phenomena at different scales.
e.g - studying impacts of climate change at city, national, or international scale

Question 9

What are ‘endemic species’

Answer 9

Species (plants and animals) that are naturally found in specific geographical areas and nowhere else (could be one or more areas)

Question 10

What is a ‘Biodiversity Hotspot’

Answer 10

A place rich in biodiversity (over 1500 endemic species (plants + animals)), but it has also lost at least 70% of its natural vegetation. Theres 36 worldwide

Question 11

Where are these hotspots usually found.

Answer 11

Generally in coastal areas and stretching inland, some places more so than others. There are outliers to this, being the Himalayas, Kyrg and Tajikistan (West parts of Central Asian mountains)

Question 12

What are the 7 threats to biodiversity (in order of frequency)

Answer 12

1. Climate
2. Human Development
3. Habitat Loss
4. Agriculture
5. Pollution
6. Fire
7. Other Human Activities

Question 13

How is animal migration different to emigration

Answer 13

Migration - happens seasonally and involves a return journey.

Emigration - animals travel to find a new permanent place to live

Mig. - Temporary
Em. - Permanent

Question 14

Describe the three main reasons for animal migration

Answer 14

Animals migrate to find seasonal food sources, ensuring safe breeding grounds, and also to more suitable environments for the weather

Question 15

Anthropocentric Worldview

Answer 15

A view in which humans are seen as ‘unnatural’, seeing humans being dominant to every other lifeform. It sees the earth as a place that’s entirely available to human usage.

Question 16

Ecocentric Worldview

Answer 16

A view in which humans are seen as connected to nature, just like any other living organism, rather than humans being superior to every other organism.

Question 17

What does ‘country’ represent to indigenous ppl

Answer 17

Country represents culture, identity, spirituality, ancestors, connection with the land, tradition, and stories.
Land holds a spiritual value that explains the past and embraces future.

Question 18

Whats the overview effect

Answer 18

A perspective shift astronauts get from seeing Earth from space, and seeing it as a fragile, interconnected whole without borders, which promotes seeing humanity as one collective group rather than divided by nationality, race, or religion

Question 19

What is an ecosystems ‘intrinsic value’

Answer 19

The ecosystem’s value independent of human use. It gives nature, ecosystems, and landscapes value, even if they don’t benefit humans.

Question 20

What is a ‘Global Common’

Answer 20

Resources that no individual or country owns or has legal responsibility for; they’re shared resources.
e.g High Seas (International Waters), Atmosphere, Outer Space, and Antarctica

Question 21

What is the EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone)

Answer 21

Countries have control of their (EEZ), which is the ocean and ocean bed 200 nautical miles (370km) from their coastline. Countries are free to fish and mine and to give other nations the rights to mine or fish in their EEZ.

Question 22

What happens if two countries EEZ overlap

Answer 22

The involved states must agree on a maritime boundary (a line that divides an area of sea belonging to one country from another) to divide the overlapping area.

Question 23

What happens if two countries cant reach an agreement on their EEZ

Answer 23

Any point within the overlapping area falls under the jurisdiction of the nearest state.

Question 24

What are some ECOSYSTEM services provided by oceans/seas?

Answer 24

1. Produces Oxygen (photosynthesis)
2. Absorbs carbon dioxide
3. Moderates Climate
4. Nutrient Recycling
5. Water Purification
6. Biodiversity/Habitats
7. Reduced Storm Damage

Question 25

How does the ocean moderate climate?

Answer 25

Absorbing solar radiation, then releasing it slowly to moderate temperatures, distributing it through evaporation.

Question 26

How does the ocean recycle nutrients?

Answer 26

**Upwelling** brings nutrient rich water from the deep to the surface When organisms die, **decomposition** by bacteria releases nutrients back into the water. - Currents and marine food webs help redistribute these nutrients, ensuring they are continuously used and cycled throughout the ecosystem.

Question 27

How does the ocean purify water?

Answer 27

1. Evap. --> Water turns to vapour, leaving salt and impurities behind 2. Filtration by marine life --> Animals (like oysters) remove pollutants 3. Sedimentation --> Dirt and waste sink to bottom, leaving surface cleaner

Question 28

How does the ocean reduce storm damage?

Answer 28

1. Coral Reefs --> Absorb wave energy, weakens storm surges 2. Mangrove forests --> Dense roots slow waves and reduce coastal flooding and erosion. 3. Wetlands --> Absorb excess water like a sponge, lowering flood impact. 4. Barrier islands --> Shields coastlines from strong winds and waves. 5. Deep ocean heat absorption --> Regulates temperatures, sometimes weakening storms before they reach land.

Question 29

What are some ECONOMIC services provided by oceans/seas?

Answer 29

1. Food 2. Hydro energy 3. Pharmaceuticals (medicine and shit) 4. Transport Routes 5. Recreation and Tourism 6. Employment 7. Minerals

Question 30

Whats the highest peak in each continent

Answer 30

Antarctica - Vinson (4892m) OCE - Kosciuszko (2228m) Asia - Everest (8848m) EU - El Brus (5642m) Africa - Kilimanjaro (5895m) S America. - Aconcagua (6962m) NA. - Denali (6190m)

Question 31

Isolated System?

Answer 31

Prevent the exchange of matter and energy with their surroundings (these don't exist in the natural world)

Question 32

Closed Systems?

Answer 32

Permit the exchange of energy but not matter

Question 33

Open systems?

Answer 33

Can exchange both energy and matter

Question 34

Threats to system stability?

Answer 34

1. Rapid population growth 2. Habitat Destruction 3. Global warming and all types of pollution

Question 35

Energy surplus/deficit areas?

Answer 35

Equator receives more heat/sunlight than polar regions, leading to a surplus of energy there, and deficit in Northern/Southern regions.

Question 36

Horizontal and Vertical transfers w/ Global Heat Budget

Answer 36

Horizontal transfer - Wind (80%) + Ocean currents (20%) transfer heat from tropics to the poles. Vertical transfer - Heat is transferred to atmosphere by conduction, convection currents, and condensation

Question 37

Different Climate Zones in Aus

Answer 37

- Most of Aus is hot and dry all year - Coastal usually wet all year - Inbetween these two is mostly hot and dry, with unreliable rainfall

Question 38

How does El Nino Work (in Aus)

Answer 38

1. Normally, trade winds push warm water toward Australia, but during El Niño, they slow down or reverse. 2. Warm water stays in the central and eastern Pacific instead of moving toward Australia. 3. With less warm water, there’s less evaporation, leading to drought and hotter temperatures.

Question 39

How does La Nina work (in Aus)

Answer 39

1. Stronger trade winds push more warm water toward Australia. 2. Cold water rises near South America as warm water moves west. 3. More warm water means more evaporation, leading to heavy rain and floods. 4. Drier conditions in South America – Less warm water there means less rain.

Question 40

Why do variations in the water cycle exist.

Answer 40

Climate, geography, and human activities. e.g, Amazon receives 2300mm rainfall annually = high evaporation levels, while Sahara gets sub 100mm, limiting precip, infiltration, and runoff (outputs)

Question 41

Describe Sydneys catchment area

Answer 41

Walandilly and Cox's River feed into Lake Burragorong (which is held back by Warragamba dam) which holds 80% of Sydneys water Cordeaux, Avon, and Nepean rivers + Cataract reservoir (all W of Wollongong)

Question 42

What is an Inquiry based approach

Answer 42

Approach focusing on problem-solving by starting with questions or problems, rather than presenting information upfront. encourages students to investigate and develop personal knowledge and abilities

Question 43

Whats PQE method

Answer 43

**Pattern** - Describe the general pattern or trend **Quantification** – Support with data or numbers. **Exception** – Mention any outliers or things that don’t fit the pattern.