all hazard case studies

Question 1

what is an example of an HIC volcanic eruption

Answer 1

eyjafjallajokull in iceland

Question 2

when did the eyjafjallajokull eruption start

Answer 2

20th march 2010

Question 3

what plate margins does eyjafjallajokull sit on

Answer 3

the divergent north american and eurasian plates which pulls apart

Question 4

what sort of lava was produced out the eyjafjallajokull eruption

Answer 4

andesitic, meaning lava was not very runny and there was huge gas explosions

Question 5

what was the major concern for people living in valleys

Answer 5

the possibility of flooding due to magma melting the eyjafjallajokull glacier

Question 6

what economic impacts resulted from the eyjafjallajokull eruption

Answer 6

-closure of the airport due to extreme amounts of gas in the atmosphere meant airlines lost $130 million per day in revenue
-countries such as kenya were hit hard by the delay of trade
-magma destroyed crop land

Question 7

what social impacts resulted from the eyjafjallajokull eruption

Answer 7

-1000 people had to be evacuated
-ash in the air caused major health problems
-homes were destroyed

Question 8

what environmental impacts resulted from the eyjafjallajokull eruption

Answer 8

-ash landed in the north atlantic ocean and let to a phytoplankton bloom
-the result of cancelled flights reduced 2.8 million tonnes of co2
-destroyed land

Question 9

how did people in iceland prepare for the eyjafjallajokull eruption

Answer 9

-seiismic activity had become more frequent over the months beforehand,
-animals were fed for a few days in advance
-Funding was made available to ensure embankments were enlarged and reinforced to mitigate the effects of flooding on the Markarfljót River
-grass was allowed to grow to trap ash particles

Question 10

how did people respond to the eyjfjallajokull eruption

Answer 10

-engineers broke through embankments to save the bridge over the markarflijor river
-evacuation
-icelandic people received compensation

Question 11

how did people benefit from the eruption in iceland

Answer 11

many people now visit iceland as a tourist destination, for example a museum opened up for tourists to visit, since the eruption it has had over 250,000 visits

Question 12

what is an example of an NEE volcanic eruption

Answer 12

mount nyiragongo in the democratic republic of congo

Question 13

which city was affected by the congo eruption

Answer 13

Goma

Question 14

what is the population of Goma

Answer 14

460,000

Question 15

what sort of plate boundary is mt nyriagongo on

Answer 15

a divergent plate

Question 16

what sort of lava erupted from mt nyiragongo

Answer 16

basaltic lava, meaning the lava was very runny and fast

Question 17

what primary social impacts resulted from mount nyiragongo eruption

Answer 17

-147 people killed
-400,000 evacuated
-exposure to carbon monoxide caused health problems and further death
-12,500 homes destroyed

Question 18

what primary economic impacts resulted from mount nyiragongo eruption

Answer 18

-damage to businessses
-30% of Goma city destroyed

Question 19

when did the eruption of mount nyiragongo occur

Answer 19

17th january 2002

Question 20

what primary environmental impacts resulted from mount nyiragongo eruption

Answer 20

- Lava also destroyed large areas of agriculture and Goma’s commercial district, crippling the economy
-co2 was released into the atmosphere

Question 21

why was Goma impacted more than Iceland

Answer 21

they are a much less developed country, with many of the population lacking an education. thus means they did not know what to do in the event of an eruption. the democratic republic of congo had also been in a civil war previous to the eruption so there was a lack of help from thr government

Question 22

what were the secondary social impacts resulted from the mount nyiragongo eruption

Answer 22

-350,000 people fled over the border to Rwanda as they were made homeless
-the eruption was followed by several earthquakes measuring 5 on the richter scale
-diseases such as cholera spread to camps

Question 23

what % of the population became unemployed due to the mount nyiragongo eruption

Answer 23

95%

Question 24

what secondary economic impacts resulted from the mount nyiragongo eruption

Answer 24

-looting of stores
-goma became dependant on foreign aid
-90% economy unemployed

Question 25

how did people respond to the mount nyiragongo eruption

Answer 25

• the usa provided $50,000 and 3 sesiographs for future
  -children were provided education on what to do for future situations

Question 26

where did hurricane katrina hit

Answer 26

new orleans, louisiana

Question 27

what river runs through new orleans

Answer 27

the river mississipi

Question 28

what is the GDP in new orleans

Answer 28

$37000, compared to the USA average of $57,000

Question 29

what are the literacy rates in new orleans

Answer 29

85% compared to the usa average of 94.8%

Question 30

what is the family/marital status like in new orleans

Answer 30

there is a larger than average single parent familys and family size. with less family support children are more at risk

Question 31

what was past experiences like in new orleans

Answer 31

there had been no major floods since 1927 so people belived they were safe

Question 32

why does the topography of new orleans put people at risk

Answer 32

new orleans has a bowl like shaped topography, 50% of the city lies below sea level. new orleans also lies adjacent to the gulf of mexico which is very warm located at a perfect latitude.

Question 33

what magnitude was hurricane katrina

Answer 33

CAT 5 but CAT 3 as it passed over new orleans

Question 34

how fast were winds in hurricane katrina

Answer 34

280km/h

Question 35

how high was the storm surge after hurricane katrina

Answer 35

8.5m

Question 36

what is social mobility

Answer 36

the link between a persons occupation and income, and the occupation or income of their parents

Question 37

what is ls social mobility like in new orleans

Answer 37

its very bad, for many people if you are born into a low income family you tend to stay like that as there is not many oppurtunities for people

Question 38

how many homes were destroyed

Answer 38

850,000

Question 39

how many people died as a result of hurricane katrina

Answer 39

1836

1500 due to being trapped in homes

3 as a result of poor conditions in the superdome stadium

many others due to other secondary impacts

Question 40

primary impacts of hurricane katrina

Answer 40

-850,000 homes destroyed
-1836 deaths
-destruction of busiensses
-1 million people made homelesss

Question 41

swcondary impacts of hurricane katrina

Answer 41

-3 million people left without electricity
-sewage and oil contaminated drinking water
-law and order broke down with widespread looting for supplies
-deaths in superdome due to poor conditions
-failing of the government led to a lack of faith in FEMA

Question 42

what are two contrasting areas in new orleans

Answer 42

gentilly and uptown

Question 43

gentilly vs uptown

Answer 43

there is huge racial segregation within new orleans, uptown is situated much further away from the coast then gentilly and is higher upland where there was no flooding, uptown is 73% caucasian whereas gentilly is 78% african american. house prices are much higher in uptown which forces many low income african americans to purchase homes in gentilly where they are at risk. therse homes are generally one story high compared to two storys in uptown. households in gentilly were let down by the government as they were provided no help in evacuating, they are also too poor to afford cards which meant barely any could leave. households in gentilly felt betrayed by the government as they were given no support. insurance for people living in gentill is also too expensive so after the hazard they found it very hard to regain a normal lifestyle.

Question 44

why were people from gentilly shot by people from uptown

Answer 44

people from gentilly were desperate and poor so went to uptown to loot supplies, but home owners and neighbours shot people caught trespassing

Question 45

what short term responses were there after hurricane katrina

Answer 45

-evacuation to the superdome stadium
-national guard sent 7000 active troops

Question 46

what long term responses were there after huricane katrina

Answer 46

• 220 miles of floodwalls
  -the red cross propvided emdical help for 600,000 people
  -fema had over 20,000 houses cleared