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All definitions in Chem Flashcards

1
Q

Salt

A

(An ionic compound consisting of a cation such as a metal ion or an ammonium ion from a base and an anion from an acid)
A compound formed when the hydrogen ion in an acid is replaced by a metal ion or an ammonium ion

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2
Q

Recrystallisation

A

Carried out to obtain pure crystals of the salt from its solution

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3
Q

Titration

A

Carried out to determine the exact volume of an acid needed to neutralise a fixed volume of an alkali solution with the help of an indicator

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4
Q

Crystallisation

A

Carried out to obtain crystals of the salt

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5
Q

Double decomposition method

A

Two aqueous solutions of two different soluble salts are mixed together to form the insoluble salt

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6
Q

Precipitate

A

A solid substance formed during a reaction occurring in a solution

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7
Q

Qualitative analysis

A

A chemical technique used to identify the ions present in a salt by analysing its physical and chemical properties and hence determine the identity of salt

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8
Q

Electrolytes

A

Substances that can conduct electricity either in the molten state or in an aqueous solution and undergo chemical changes

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9
Q

Non-electrolytes

A

Substances that cannot conduct electricity either in the molten state or in an aqueous solution

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10
Q

Conductors

A

Substances that can conduct electricity in the solid or molten state but are not chemically changed
Hence, conductors are not electrolytes

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11
Q

Ionic compound

A

Do not conduct electricity in the solid state because the ions are held in a lattice and do not move freely

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12
Q

Covalent compound

A

Exist as molecules in an organic solvent, do not conduct electricity in an organic solvent such as methylbenzene

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13
Q

Electrolysis

A

A process whereby a compound is decomposed into its consistuent elements when an electric current passes through an electrolyte

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14
Q

Electrode

A

A conductor in the form of a wire, rod or plate which carries electric current in and out of the electrolyte during electrolysis

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15
Q

Active electrode

A

An electrode which takes part in chemical reactions during electrolysis

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16
Q

Inert electrode

A

An electrode which does not take part in chemical reactions during electrolysis

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17
Q

Aqueous solution

A

A solution produced when the compound is dissolved in water

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18
Q

Electroplating

A

A process of depositing a layer of metal on another substance using electrolysis

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19
Q

Voltaic cell

A

aka galvanic cell

A device which converts chemical energy to electrical energy

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20
Q

Anode

A

The electrode where the process of donation of electrons takes place
In electrolysis, the anode is positively charged
In a voltaic cell, the anode is negatively charged

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21
Q

Cathode

A

The electrode where the process of acceptance of electrons take place
In electrolysis, the anode is negatively charged
In a voltaic cell, the anode is positively charged

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22
Q

Insoluble salts

A

Formed as a precipitate when two aqueous solutions of two different soluble salts are mixed together

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23
Q

Electrochemical series

A

An arrangement of metals based on the tendency of each metal atom to donate electrons

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24
Q

Metal displacement reaction

A

A metal is situated at a higher position in the electrochemical series is able to displace a metal below it in the series from its salt solution
(This happens because metals with higher positions have a greater tendency to form positive ions)

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25
Acid
A substance which dissociates in water to produce hydrogen ions
26
Hydroxonium ion
The hydrogen ion that attaches itself to a water molecule
27
Monoproctic acid
An acid that contains only one ionisable hydrogen atom, producing only one hydrogen ion per molecule of acid
28
Polyprotic acid
An acid that can produce more than one hydrogen ion per molecule of acid
29
Basicity
The number of ionisable hydrogen atoms per molecule of acid
30
Acidic oxides
Non-metal oxides which react with water to produce acidic solutions which contain hydrogen ions
31
Mineral acids
Obtained from minerals
32
Organic acids
Extracted from animal and plant materials
33
Base
1. A substance which ionises in water to produce hydroxide ions 2. A substance that reacts with an acid to form a salt and water only
34
Ionic bases
Consists of metal oxides and metal hydroxides
35
Alkali
A base that is soluble in water and ionises to produce hydroxide ions
36
Acidity
A measure of the concentration of the hydrogen ions in the solution
37
Alkalinity
A measure of the concentration of the hydroxide ions in the solution
38
Degree of dissociation
The amount or percentage of dissociation | Measures the percentage of acid molecules that ionises when dissolved in water
39
Strong acid
Completely ionised in water to produce a high concentration of hydrogen ions
40
Weak acid
Partially ionised in water to produce a low concentration of hydrogen ions
41
Strong alkali
Completely ionised in water to produce a high concentration of hydroxide ions
42
Weak alkali
Partially ionised in water to produce a low concentration of hydroxide ions
43
Solution
A mixture formed by dissolving a solute in a solvent
44
Molarity
The number of moles of solute present in 1 dm-3 of solution
45
Standard solution
A solution whose concentration is accurately known
46
Titration
A very useful laboratory technique in which one solution is used to analyse another solution
47
End point
The point in the titration at which the indicator changes colour
48
Rate of reaction
(Measures the speed at which the reactants are converted to the products in a chemical reaction) The change in a selected quantity during a reaction per unit time
49
Instantaneous rate of reaction
The rate of the reaction at a given time
50
Catalyst
A substance which can alter the rate of a chemical reaction while itself remains chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction Can be classified into positive catalysts and negative catalysts (inhibitors)
51
Positive catalyst
A catalyst that increases the rate of reaction
52
Negative catalyst
A catalyst that decreases the rate of reaction
53
Haber process
An industrial process to manufacture ammonia on a large scale
54
Ostwald process
An industrial process to manufacture nitric acid on a large scale
55
Contact process
An industrial process to manufacture sulphuric acid on a large scale
56
Frequency of effective collision
The number of effective collisions per second
57
Thermochemistry
The study of changes in heat energy during chemical reactions
58
Exothermic reaction
A chemical reaction that gives out heat to the surroundings
59
Endothermic reaction
A chemical reaction that absorbs heat from the surroundings
60
Heat of reaction
The amount of heat energy released or absorbed during a chemical reaction
61
Energy level diagrams
Used to show the energy content of chemicals before and after a reaction
62
Thermochemical equation
A balanced chemical equation that also contains its heat of reaction on the right side of the equation
63
Heat of precipitation
The heat change when one mole of a precipitate is formed from its ions in aqueous solution under standard conditions
64
Heat of displacement
The heat change when one mole of metal is displaced from its salt solution by a more electropositive metal
65
Heat of neutralisation
The heat produced when one mole of water is formed from the reaction between an acid and an alkali
66
Heat of combustion
The heat produced when one mole of a substance is completely burnt in oxygen under standard conditions
67
Bomb calorimeter
To determine the heat of combustion of fuel accurately
68
Inexhaustible
Unable to use up because existing in abundance
69
Intermittent
Not happening regularly or continuously
70
Matter
Anything that occupies space and has mass
71
Compound
A substance that contains two or more elements that are chemically bonded together
72
Atom
The smallest particle of an element that can participate in a chemical reaction
73
Molecule
A neutral particle that consists of two or more atoms which are chemically bonded together
74
Compound
A substance that contains two or more elements that are chemically bonded together
75
Ion
A postively-charged or negatively-charged particle
76
Diffusion
Occurs when the particles of a substance move between the particles of another substance from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration
77
Proton number
The number of protons in its atom
78
Nucleon number / Mass number
The total number of protons and neutrons in its atom
79
Isotopes
Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
80
Valence electrons
Electrons found in the outermost occupied shell of an atom

Chemistry (6 decks)

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