All chapters Flashcards
How many chambers does the human heart have?
four
Which blood vessel provides oxygenated blood?
the aorta
How thick is the wall of a capillary?
one cell
what is the function of a valve in a vein?
to prevent reverse blood flow
which vessels supply the heart with blood?
the coronary arteries
which type of cell carries oxygen around the body?
red blood cells
what is the function of white blood cells ?
to be part of the immune system/protect the body from invading pathogens
which type of vessel needs to withstand high blood pressure ?
an artery
what percentage of blood is plasma?
55 percent
what is the fluid part of the blood that remains after clotting?
serum
plasma is made up of what percentage of water ?
92 percent
how many days do red blood cells typically stay alive for and where do they die ?
120 days, and die in the spleen
which of the following is a universal blood donor?
type O
what are small arteries and small veins called?
arterioles and venules
A patient lying on their back with face up is called?
supine
which organ is located posterior (back side)
kidneys
Why is venous blood darker ?
lack of oxygen
which blood vessels have a pulse
artery
What gives red blood cells the ability to carry oxygen and co2?
hemoglobin
Deoxygenated
high levels of CO2
What is oxygenated blood?
high oxygen levels, lower CO2
what is the artery?
carry blood away from the heart
what do the capillaries do?
take waste products away from your tissues.
oxygen and nutrients are exchanged for carbon dioxide and waste.
what does the vein do?
carry blood to the heart
what is the muscle of the heart called?
myocardium
What is a thrombocyte
platelet
What are erythrocytes?
red blood cells
what are leukocytes?
white blood cells
what are clotting factors?
thrombocyte/platelets
Tourniquet application steps
1 minute application only to avoid complication
2 minutes between two trial
3 inches above the site
Lumen
part of the needle that blood goes through
Bevel
needs to be levelled to puncture the skin
Why do tubes need to be facing upwards or Flat
to prevent needle additive contamination.
What does each tube contain?
each tube contains anti coagulate substance/chemical
which laboratory department is responsible for testing how quickly a patient’s blot clots?
Hematology
why should phlebotomists not wear artificial nails or nail wraps ?
because they can harbor bacteria
what does blood transport ?
gases: o2 and co2
chemical substances
cells of blood
what does blood protect from ?
pathogens
blood loss
is it true that blood regulates the body’s fluid and electrolyte balance?
true
what is blood made out of ?
plasma: responsible for 55 percent of total blood volume
formed elements: blood cells, makes up 45% of total blood volume.
A milliliter of blood has approximately
4.2 million to 6 million red blood cells
4500 to 11,000 white blood cells
150,000 to 450,000 platelets
what occurs when a red blood cell is no longer useful?
it is broken down into iron and bilirubin
what is hematopeisis ?
process of blood formation
where does the formation of blood take place?
red bone marrow
What does injury to a blood vessel cause?
the flow of blood slows down and platelets release clotting factors. (activates clotting factors in the blood plasma. )
What is HIPAA ?
it applies to all healthcare workers. a federal law that requires health information to be kept private and secure.
What are ways to protect patients’ privacy?
do not give confidential information in emails.
making sure fax numbers are correct before faxing healthcare information.
What is CMS( centers for medicare and Medicaid services) ?
a federal agency responsible for medicare and Medicaid
what is CLIA waived test?
easy to perform tests that involve little risk of error. (pregnancy tests). so tests people with little to no medical training can perform. (phlebotomists)
What are point of care tests?
testing is done near or in the presence of the patient, many are CLIA waived.
what is a tort?
a violation of civil law, ex: negligence
what is a mandated reporter ?
person who is legally required to report suspected or observed abuse or neglect due to regular contact with vulnerable populations
what is informed consent ?
acknowledgement to treatment or to a procedure that is given after receiving information regarding risks and benefits. must be documented beforehand.
what is implied consent ?
the assumption that a person agrees to treatment or to a procedure; allows medical treatment to be provided in case of EMERGENCY (even if cannot verbally express consent)
what is battery?
intentional touching of another person without permission
is verbally coercing a patient to agree to a procedure considered assault ?
yes, true
what is an example of battery?
completing a blood draw against a patient’s wishes.
What is the chain of reaction?
a way of describing how disease is transmitted from one human being to another.
What is the chain order?
- causative agent, 2. reservoir, 3. portal of exit, 4. mode of transmission, 5. portal of entry, 6. susceptible host.
is sweat a bodily fluid ?
no
What is PPE? (personal protective equipment)
equipment that helps protect employees from serious workplace injuries or illness. (face masks, hood cap, protective glasses, etc)
bloodborne pathogen
microorganism found in human blood, fluid, fluid, draining wounds, and mucous membranes that can cause infection and disease in humans.
How are bloodborne infections spread?
contact with contaminated blood or body fluids, contaminated needs or other sharp objects.
what are two major bloodborne diseases in the US.
HIV/AIDS and Hepatitis
What is hepatitis ?
inflammation of the LIVER caused by certain viruses and other factors, such as alcohol abuse.
what is hepatits A?
fecal-oral contamination
what is hepatitis B?
transmitted through sexual contact, sharing infected needles, using improperly sterilized needles for tattoos/piercings, pregnancy. 30% chance to be infected.
MOST CONCERNING. only one treated with vaccine
what is hepatitis C?
is transmitted through blood or body fluids. (leads to cancer)
Why do needles need to be disposed of/discarded in one unit as whole, rather than just in sharps biohazard container and tube in trash?
TO prevent hepatitis B/ contamination
What is OSHA? Occupational safety and health?
is lists the safety of people who work in medical field/healthcare.
Mandatory hepatitis B vaccine
what is an example of a biological hazard?
bloodborne pathogens
blood vessels and nerve endings are concentrated in the ___ layer of the skin?
dermis (middle layer)
what is epidermis?
the outer layer of skin
what gland is known as the master gland?
the pituitary gland (secretes hormones)
what is considered the pace maker of the heart?
the sinoatrial node ( initiates heartbeat)
the smallest blood vessels?
capillaries
Blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body?
the arteries
Which layer in blood vessels is made up of mostly muscle tissue, and elastic fibers ?
the tunica media. (accommodate changes in blood pressure to maintain blood flow)
Which blood vessel holds about 70% of the body’s blood?
the veins. (prevent backflow of blood)
Venous blood is..
deep dark red
A specimen containing an anticoagulant additive and is not spun in a centrifuge is called a _____specimen.
whole blood specimen
what is anticoagulant?
prevents clotting
What happens when anticoagulant is spun?
it is divided into three layers. bottom layer is RBC, thin middle layer is WBC and platelets, and top layer is PLASMA (fibrinogen)
The thin middle layer is referred to as..
BUFFY COAT
which words best describe how a healthy vein feels when palpated ?
springy, bouncy
what is accomplished by warming the site of a capillary puncture?
increased blood flow
this is the bodys first line of defense when a blood vessel is injured ..
the blood vessel constricts to reduce blood loss
