All Flashcards
1
Q
NS and endocrine
A
- CNS: Brain for higher functions, Spinal chord for reflex arcs
- ## PNS: Autonomic and Somatic
- Endocrine: Glands release hormones into blood
- Endocrine and ANS working together in flight or fight
2
Q
Neurones and transmission
A
- Types and structure of neurones and AP
- synapses - Neurotransmitters
- Excitation and inhibition
- Summation
3
Q
Localisation A01
A
- Localisation v Hollsitic
- Hemispheres: left controls right. Also Cerebral cortex is highly developed
- Lobes and associated areas
- Language areas in left: Broca’s and Wernickes: aphasia
4
Q
Localisation A03
A
- Brain scan: Wernickes for listening. Separate LTM stores
- Phieas gage: frontal lobe, went all moody
- Rats showed higher function such as learning not localised
- Plasticity
5
Q
Plasticity A01
A
- Ability to rewire through synaptic pruning
- Research into: Maguires Taxis, Med students, mono lingual
- Functional recovery: spontaneous recovery but then need therapy
- Process of functional recovery
6
Q
Plasticity A03
A
- Practical application in neurorehabilation
- Negative plasticity: Drugs: > cog function and + risk of dementia. 70% amputees have PL syndrome. Due to reorganisation of somatosensory cortex
- Age: 40 hours, 40-60 yrs old, fMRI: reduced activity in motor cortex
- Hubble and Wiesel
7
Q
Split brain A01
A
- Allowed study of hemispheric lateralisation through split brain research
- Procedure: left right VF
- Findings: recognition by touch and Describe what you see
8
Q
Split brain A03
A
- Showed lateralised function: left analyistic and verbal, right spatial and music
- Good Methodology
- Cannot generalise due to poor control (11 patients, control had no epilepsy)
- Plasticity
9
Q
A01 circadian rhythms
A
- Governd by: endo pacemakers and exo zeitgabers (entrain)
- Research into free-running sleep wake: siffre: 25 hour
- Similar study in bunker: 25 hour
- Altered clock to 22 hour: only 1 adjusted so shows free-running circadian rhythm is powerful
10
Q
A03 circadian rhythms
A
- Shift work: disruption to sleep/wake makes 3x more likely CVD (not casual)
- Body processes such as hormones effect uptake of drugs
- Hard to generalise due to small samples and lack of control
11
Q
A01 infradian and ultradian rhythms
A
- Mensural cycle governed by monthly hormone changes
- Research into exogenous factors: pheromones: 9 women, 68% experienced change
- SAD: depression in winter months due to melatonin which disrupts serotonin
- EEG: 90 mins, 5 stages
12
Q
A03 infadian and ultraidian
A
- Evolutionary basis of menstrual: collective care v competition
- Methodological issues with pheromone study: too many confounding variables that effect period: also self-report and small sample
- EEG evidence highly controlled, replicated made up for initial small sample
- Light box’s for SAD: 60% improved, 30% placebo
13
Q
Endogenous pacemakers on sleep/wake A01
A
- SCN: primary EP, lies above optic chiasm: even while eyes closed- relays to pineal gland
- ## Animal studues: SCN In 30 chipmunks, most dead in habitat after 80 days: awake at wrong timeMutant hamsters with 20-hour sleep/wake.
Both show importance of SCN on sleep/wake
14
Q
Exogenous zeitgabers on sleep/wake
A
- ## External factors that entrain circadian rhythmLight: effects SCN, also people woken up by photoreceptors on knees
Social cues: babies: mealtimes and and bedtimes
15
Q
A03 of endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zietgabers on sleep wake
A
- Peripheral oscillators influenced by SCN but also act independently: mice feeding times could alter CirRhy in liver by 12hrs. Suggest not just SCN
- Ethical implications of animal studies as well as generalisability
- Influence of EZ overstated: blind man and 22 hour clock
- Invalid to separate them: interactinalsit system as we are never fully in the dark for long
