Alkanes and Alkenes Flashcards
Define homologous series
A series of organic compounds having the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2
Define functional group
A group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions and chemical properties of a compound
Define aliphatic
A compound containing carbon and hydrogen joined together in straight chains, branched chains or non-aromatic rings
Define alicyclic
An aliphatic compound arranged in non-aromatic rings with or without side chains
Define radical
A species with an unpaired electron
What are the steps in producing a pure organic liquid
- Do reaction
- Place in separating funnel, drain lower aqueous layer.
- Wash with a metal carbonate to neutralise the acid (so fizzing can be seen). Mix and drain the lower aqueous layer.
- Add dehydrating agent (anhydrous CaCl2) and filter
- Collect distillate at known boiling point
Why are alkanes not very reactive with most compounds
The sigma bonds have high bond enthalpy and very low polarity
What are the limitations of free-radical substitution
Further substitution than desired can occur and substitutions can also occur in different places on the chain.
Define stereoisomer
Compounds with the same structural formula but a different arrangement of atoms in space
What are the CIP rules for identifying E and Z isomers
Priority is decided based on atomic number
Why are alkenes so reactive
The pi bond has very low bond enthalpy
How can alkenes be converted to alkanes
Add hydrogen gas with a nickel catalyst
What is Markownikoffs rule?
The hydrogen will bond to the less substituted carbon
The environmental issues with addition polymers
They are derived from alkenes which come from crude oil. The have a saturated, inert backbone that is difficult to dispose of
Recycling polymers
Conserves finite fossil fuels and decreases waste going to landfill. Must be sorted by type. Is then chopped into flakes, washed, dried and melted. It is then cut into pellets that are used by manufacturers.
