Alkanes Flashcards by Lateisha Wright

Why can carbon form so many compounds

can form 4 covalent bonds
can form single, double or triple bonds
can bond to other carbon atoms to form long chains

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Definition of aliphatic

A compound containing carbon and hydrogen joined together in straight chains, branched chains or non-aromatic rings.

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Definition of alicyclic

An aliphatic compound arranges in non-aromatic rings with or without side chains

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Definition of aromatic

A compound containing a benzene ring

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Definition of saturated

Single carbon-carbon bonds only

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Definition of unsaturated

The presence of one or more carbon double bond

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Definition of homologous series

A series of organic compounds having the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2.

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Definition of a functional group

The part of the organic molecule responsible for its chemical reactions.

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General formula of alkanes

CxH2x+2

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Names of alkanes

1 carbon- methane
2 carbons- ethane
3 carbons- propane
4 carbons- butane
5 carbons- pentane
6 carbons- hexane
7 carbons- heptane
8 carbons- octane
9 carbons- nonane
10 carbons- decane

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Draw cyclopentane using molecular, structural, displayed and skeletal formulas

Check page 12 of study pack

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Naming alcohols

Contain suffix-ol
Always count from end which will give alcohol lowest number
use di, tri as well for more than 1 alcohol

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Naming alkanes with side chains

methyl group- CH3
ethyl group- CH2CH3
Write at beginning of name e.g 3-methylpropane

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Definition of general formula

Simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series

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Definition of structural formula

The minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule

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Definition of displayed formula

The relative positioning of atoms and the bonds between them

Definition of skeletal formula

The simplified organic formula shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups.

Structural isomers

Are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula

Draw structural isomers with formula C4H8

Check study pack p 31

Definition of stereoisomers

Have the same structural formula but a different arrangement of groups in space

Definition of chain isomers

different arrangement of carbon atoms

Definition of functional group isomers

different functional group altogether

Defintion of positional isomers

different positions of functional groups

Complete combustion of alkanes equation

CxHy + (x+y/4) O2 –> xCO2 + y/2 H2O

Incomplete combustion of alkanes equation

1. CO is produced | 2. only C is produced

Why is incomplete combustion bad

Carbon monoxide is released which is toxic.

State conditions needed for alkanes to react with halogens

UV light

Write reaction of bromine with ethane using structural formula

CH3CH3 + Br2 -->CH3CH2Br +HBr

Definition of a radical and show the symbol

A radical is a species with an unpaired electron. | The symbol is a dot

What is the name of the mechanism in the reaction between methane and bromine

Radical substitution

What are the names of the 3 stages involved in the reaction between and alkane and halogen

Initiation, Propagation and termination

What happens in the initiation stage

The halogen is broken in to two radicals under the presence of UV light Br2 --> 2Br. The name of this type of bond breaking is homolytic fission

Write equations for propagation stages using bromine and methane

Br. + CH4 --> CH3. + HBr | CH3. + Br2 --> CH3Br + Br.

Write 3 equations for the termination stage using bromine and methane

2CH3. -->C2H6 2Br. --> Br2 CH3. + Br. -->CH3Br

3 limitations of using radical substitution in organic synthesis

1. Further substitution can occur 2. Substitution at different positions on the C chain can occur 3. The C chain may change length (double) It is difficult to synthesis only desired compounds

Write general formula for a cycloalkane

CnH2n

Define homolytic fission

The breaking of a covalent bond to form two radicals- one electron from each pair goes to each atom