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A LEVEL CHEMISTRY > ALKANES > Flashcards

ALKANES Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition: Aliphatic

A

Containing Carbon atoms joined together in straight or branched chains

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2
Q

Definition: Alicyclic

A

Containing Carbon atoms joined together in a ring that is not aromatic

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3
Q

Definition: Aromatic

A

Containing one or more benzene rings

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4
Q

Definition: Saturated

A

Containing only single bonds

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5
Q

Definition: Unsaturated

A

Containing a multiple carbon-carbon bond

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6
Q

Definition: Homologous group

A

A series of organic compounds having the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2

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7
Q

Definition: A functional group

A

A group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound

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8
Q

General formula for alkanes

A

Cn H2n+2

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9
Q

General formula for cycloalkanes

A

Cn H2n

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10
Q

General formula for alkynes

A

Cn H2n-2

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11
Q

Definition: Empirical formula

A

The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound

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12
Q

Definition: Skeletal formula

A

A simplified organic formula, with the hydrogen atoms removed from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups

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13
Q

Definition: General formula

A

The simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series

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14
Q

Definition: Molecular formula

A

The actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule

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15
Q

Definition: Structural formula

A

The minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule

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16
Q

Definition: Displayed formula

A

The relative positioning of all the atoms in a molecule including the bonds between them

17
Q

Functional group of aldehyde

A

CHO

18
Q

Functional group of ketone

A

C(CO)C

19
Q

Functional group of carboxylic acid

A

COOH

20
Q

Definition: Structural isomers

A

Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structure

21
Q

List the 3 ways structural isomers can occur

A
  • Chain isomers: The hydrocarbon chain may be branched or unbranched
  • Position isomers: The hydrocarbon chain stays the same but the functional group is found in different positions along the chain
  • Functional group isomers: The functional group is different eg. Alkenes and cycloalkanes
22
Q

What is the effect of branching on boiling point?

A

More branching means a lower boiling point because the contact area between molecules is smaller and therefore the London forces are weaker and therefore less energy is required to overcome them.

23
Q

Why are alkanes relatively unreactive?

A

Alkanes only contain C-C and C-H bonds which are very strong and therefore hard to break. The are also non-polar so they can attract other species either.

24
Q

General formula for the complete combustion of a hydrocarbon of formula CxHy

A

CxHy + (x + 1/4y)O2 -> xCO2 + 1/2yH2O

25
Q

What condition is needed for an alkane to react with a halogen and what type of reaction is this?

A

UV light + substitution reaction

26
Q

Definition: Radical

A

A radical is a species with a single unpaired electron

27
Q

Name the 3 stages of free radical substitution

A

Initiation, Propagation, Termination

28
Q

Definition: Homolytic fission

A

The breaking of a covalent bond with one of the bonded electrons going to each atom, forming two radicals

29
Q

Three limitations of using radical substitution in organic synthesis

A
  1. Further substitution can occur
  2. Substitution at different points in the C chain can happen
  3. The C chain might double in length

A LEVEL CHEMISTRY (6 decks)

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