alkane Flashcards
all alkanes are characterized by genral formula
CnH2n+2
alkanes are partially inactive GR
because carbon atoms in alkanes are linked together by strong sigma bond which it difficult to broken
each compound exceeds the previous one by
methylene group (-CH2)
note it is alkene
all members of these group ended by suffix
(ane)
the prefix of the name indicaes …..
and by
- the number of carbon atoms
- number in latine
alkanes form ………series
homologous series
diff Homologous series
i is he group of compounds ha having he same general molecular formula chemical properties and graduated phsical properties and each compound increases by mehlene group
what meant by alkyl radicaL
it is an organic atomic group which does not found alone it is derived from the corresponding alkane by removing one hydrogen atom
alkyl radicals are given the symbol
–R
the general formula of alkyl radical is
- CnHn-1
the name of alkyl radicles is derives from the corresponding alkane HOW
by replacing the suffix ( ane ) by (Yl)
Nomenclature of alkanes
- the name of the hydrocarbon is determined according to the longest continuous chain which may be linear or straight chainand the name depends upon the Number of carbon atoms in the longest continuous chain by adding to the suffix (ane)
- the carbon atoms are given numbers in the longest chain starting by the side which is nearer to the side group bransh the nomenclature begins by the number of the carbon atom which carries the side group (branch) , and ending by the name of the alkanes (root)
- if the side group is repeated in the hdrocarbonchain we uses Di or TRi OR tetra - to indicate the number of repetition
- if the branch is a (–ve) group such as Cl or NO2 he name of this group is ended b the leter ) so we say chloro , bromo iodo
- if he side bgroup are different alkyl group and halgogens he group are arranged according o heir alphabrical latin names after numbering from he end that giving he branches he leas possible summtaion
الترقيم
- Branch من الناحية الاقرب لل
- من الناحية الاكثر ازدححما
- arrange alph من ناحية
considred as a simple orgainic compound
scintific term
methane
methane form about ……… % of natural gas
90
we found methane in ……. and
may be exposed as a resulet of llumination
coll mines
……
we can found methane gas in atmosperic air by ratio …….
0.00022%
methane sometimes called the gas of swamps GR
because it goes out as bubbles from the bottom of these swamps as result of decaying of the organic matters
soda lime is mixture of
- Naoh
- cao as a catalyst
preapre methane by drawing
page 15
what is the rule of calcium oxide in preparation of methane GR
decreases the melting point of mixture
air should be expelled from the apparatus of preparation GR
because the mixture of methane and air burn by explstion
what is the scientific base of prepration alkane
dry destlation of sodium salt of organic acids with soda lime give alkane less by one carbon atom
sodium salt of organic acid prepared by ……………….of acid with ………..
- neutralization
- sodium hydroxide
how to prepare sodium acetate or sodium ethanoate
CH3–COOH + NaoH →H→CH3–COONa + H2O
HOW to prepare methane from erhanoic
CH3- COONa + NaoH →CaO→ CH4 + Na2CO3
HOW TO preapre ethane fromm organic acid
- CH3–COOH + NaoH →H→CH3–COONa + H2O
- CH3- COONa + NaoH →CaO→ CH4 + Na2CO3
how many memeber are gases at normal tempretre in alkane familey
the first four members
methan can be used as
a fuel in house
the mixture of propane and butane filed and used
is filed in clinders and used as a fuel (oven gas)
the raio of propane is more in cold counries while in warm counries the cylinders contain larger ratio of butane GR
because propane more volatile ( less boling point ) than butane
alkanes from 5 - 17 carbon atoms are …….. and guve an example and used of this example
liquids
gasoline and kerosene which are used as liquid fuel
the compounds which contain more than 17 carcon atoms are ……… and give me an example
solids
paraffin wax
density increases in organic compounds by increasing ……..
of carbon atoms
organic compounds polar or non polar and whts mean by two
non polar
polar mean that it is soiuble in inorganic solvents like water
non polar mean that it is insoiuble in inorganic solvents like water
alkanes are used as a fuel GR
because all alkanes burn giving water vapor and carbon dioxide through exothermic reactions
CH4g + 2O2g →H→ CO2 + 2H2O + energy
alkanes are reacting with halogens by heating up to …… or in prence of ……. in series of ……. reactions and the product cdepends up on ratio between …… and …… in reactiuo mixture
and give an example
- 400oC
- ultra violet ray
- substitution
- metahne
- halogen
- CH4 + Cl2 →UV→ CH3 - Cl + HCl
chloroform` , halothane , 1.1.1 trichloro ethane and freon
structural fourmla and uses
CHCl3 ⇒ Anesthetic subctance
⇒ Anesthetic subctance instead of chloroform
⇒ in the dry cleaning
⇒air condation and fridges ⇔ ruched substance to liquid and perfumes ⇔ cleaner of electrpnic sets
the uses of chloroform as anesthetic substance stopped GR
because overdose causes death
freon is used by large quantities GR
because itis
- cheap
- easily to be liquedies
- non poisonous
- non corrosive for metals
there is an international agreement to prevent freon starting in 2020 GR
because it cause the decay of the ozone layer which protect the earth against harmful effect od ultra violet rays
catalytic
