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Microbiology > Algae > Flashcards

Algae Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Properties of an algae.

A
  • Eukaryotic
  • Chloroplast
  • Photosynthesis
  • Polyphetic
  • Unicellular, colonial, filamentous, complex multicellular
  • Microscopic and macroscopic
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2
Q

Describe microscopic algae.

A

unicellular, colonial, small as 0.8µm, some are motile

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3
Q

Describe macroscopic algae.

A

multicellular → filamentous and complex, brown algae can grow 0.5 metres per day

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4
Q

What habitats are algae found in?

A

Freshwater. Marine. On/in rocks/ Soils. Snow/ice. Hot springs

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5
Q

What is meant by symbiotic?

A

Live inside or alongside other organisms

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6
Q

How do algae help oxygenate the earth?

A

Photosynthesis. Algae fixed carbon and released oxygen.

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7
Q

What is algaes commone ancestor?

A

Doesn’t have. Has multiple origins

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8
Q

What algae as are in the group archaeplastida?

A

Red algae. Green Algae. Land plants.

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9
Q

What group are Dinoflagellates?

A

Alveolates

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10
Q

What group are Coccolithophores?

A

Unclassified

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11
Q

What algae as are in the group Stramenopiles?

A

Diatoms and brown algae

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12
Q

How are algae endosymbionts?

A

Chloroplast comes from a prokaryotic cyanobacterial source

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13
Q

How did algae gain a chloroplast?

A

Early eukaryote engulfed a aerobic heterotrophic prokaryote → form mitochondria
Further engulfed a prokaryotic cyanobacteria which had the ability of photosynthesis
This formed a chloroplast

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14
Q

How was there endosymbiotic gene transfer with an alae?

A

Genes from cyanobacteria would transfer to the nuclear genome of the algae

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15
Q

How do algae show multiple endosymbiotic events?

A

They are primary, secondary and tertiary endosymbionts.

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16
Q

What algae to primary endosymbiosis produce?

A

green algae, glaucophytes and red algae

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17
Q

Describe the secondary endosymbiosis of algae.

A

red algae was engulfed by a series of other non photosynthetic heterotrophs

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18
Q

What are the features of green algae?

A
  • Primary endosymbionts
  • Near oblique autotrophs
  • Symmetrical flagella
19
Q

What is model green algae?

A

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii - to study photosynthesis, genetics and phototaxis

20
Q

What is the cellular structure of green algae?

A
  • Cell wall and plasma membrane
  • Chloroplast
  • Pyrenoid → where they put RuBisCO
  • Mitochondria
  • Nucleus
  • Flagella
  • Vacuole → buoyancy
21
Q

What is the life cycle of green algae?

A
  • Mostly in haploid reproduction
  • Under stress conditions goes through sexual
  • Has mating types - need to opposite types to fuse and for a zygote
22
Q

How can green algae be structurally diverse?

A

Can be filamentous. Can be multicellular. Form colonial structures.

23
Q

What pigment does red algae contain?

A

Pigment phycorythrin (red pigment)

24
Q

What is the purpose of pigment phycorythrin?

A

Absorbs light efficiently in the green and blue.

25
Q

What does coralline algae doe?

A

Calcify their fronts - calcium carbonate deposit in cell walls. Produce foundation of coral reefs.

26
Q

What are the uses of red algae?

A

Wrap sushi. Produce valuable polymers (agar and agarose)

27
Q

What are the features of coccolithophores?

A

Unicellular calcifying marine algae. Secondary endosymbionts. Unclassified.

28
Q

How do coccolithophores make internal structures?

A

Calcium carbonate structures. Then put the shell on the surface.

29
Q

Why do coccolithphore calcify?

A

Accelerated photosynthesis. Photodamage protection - dissipates light? Armour against attack. Ballast to modify position in water column

30
Q

Why are coccolithophores important in geology?

A

Turn the ocean milky colour. Deposit chalk - white cliffs of Dover.

31
Q

What are the main functions of diatoms?

A
  • Secondary endosymbiont
  • Saltwater
  • Account for 20% of CO2 fixation
32
Q

What are the main structures of diatoms?

A
  • Two dissimilar flagella (heterokonts)
  • Unicellular
  • Silica cell walls called frustrules
33
Q

What is the role of frustrules in diatoms?

A

Have pores to allow exchange of materials. Protect from grazing and infection.

34
Q

What are the two main groups of diatom>

A

Centrics - radial.

Pennates - bilateral/

35
Q

What is a centric diatom?

A
  • Each daughter cell receives half of frustrule
  • New frustule formed with parental half
  • Results in decline in size
  • Get to the point where its infertile
  • They then go through meiosis and form a gamete
36
Q

What are the main features of brown algae?

A
  • Stramenopile
  • Multicellular
  • No vascular system
  • Gas bladder for buoyancy
  • Holdfast to tether to solid surface
  • Fronds = their leaves
37
Q

What are the uses of brown algae?

A

Fertilisers, alginic acid (thickening agent), some edible

38
Q

How can brown algae be used in biofuels?

A

Mainly Nannochloropsis. Fast growing. Genetically engineered, High levels of lipids, Saltwater species.

39
Q

What technical can be caused by trying to scale algae from a lab to the field?

A
  • Difficult to harvest products
  • High energy costs
  • Contamination
  • Cost effectiveness
40
Q

What are the features of dinoflagellates?

A
  • Alveolate super group
  • Motile → 2 flagella
  • Secondary or tertiary endosymbionts
  • Armoured plate appearance
  • Horn like appendage
  • Photoheterotrophs (predate on other plankton)
  • Responsible for red tides (production of carotenoid)
41
Q

How do dinoflagellates produce and use bioluminescence?

A
  • Flow agitated
  • Deterrent for predaators
  • Oxidation of luciferin by luciferase - energy -light
42
Q

What are dinoflagellates symbiotic with?

A

Foraminiferans, sponges, corals

43
Q

Describe a dinoflagellates symbiosis with coral

A
  • Photosynthesis
  • Fixed carbon for the coral
  • Gives coral bright and diverse colours
  • Affected by global warming

Microbiology (8 decks)

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