Alexander II's Other Reforms Flashcards
When were the Military Reforms?
1874-75
Who helped created the Military Reforms?
Dmitry Milyutin.
What were the features of the Military Reforms?
Conscription was made compulsory for all classes (including the nobility) from the age of 21.
The Length of active service was dropped from 25 to 15 years, but 10 years was spent in the reserves.
Less severe punishments.
Better healthcare and provisioning.
Modern Weaponry.
Military Colleges were set up for better training.
Literacy in the Army increased.
How effective were the Military Reforms?
Problems with supplies and leadership continued, The Russians struggled to win the war against Turkey, and suffered a loss in the Russo-Japanese war.
When were the Local Government Reforms
1864-70
What were the features of the Local Government Reforms?
The Zemstvo was set up.
What were the Zemstvo?
Elected local councils.
Dominated by the nobility due to the voting procedure (electoral colleges) which meant there was a lack of peasant representation.
The Zemstvo was given power to improve public services, develop industrial projects and administrate poor relief in times of hardship.
They weren’t all powerful as Provincial Governors were able (at any time) to overturn Zemstvo decisions.
How effective were the Local Government Reforms?
Would mainly benefit the nobility and peasants were rarely represented.
The Powers of the Zemstvo could also be overiddent by provisional Governers at any time,
When were the Judiciary Reforms?
1864
What were the Judiciary Reforms?
Equality before the law was established - presumed innocent until proven guilty.
Criminal Cases were heard before barristers and jury’s
The Jury’s were property owners and the Judges were appointed by the Tsar.
Judges given improved training and pay.
Free Courts that were allowed to be reported.
How effective were the Judiciary Reforms.
It gave the peasantry a chance to be heard and have a fair trial - this would be beneficial to the autocracy (prevent uprisings).
However, The Jury were nobles and the Judges were selected by the Tsar.
When were the Education Reforms?
1863-64
Who helped create the Education Reforms?
Alexander Golovin -Education Minister-
What were the Education Reforms?
Universities were given the opportunity to govern themselves.
Responsibility for schooling was transferred from the Russian Orthodox Church to the Zemstvo.
Modern schools were created for those who didn’t want ‘traditional’ education.
Schools were declared ‘open to all’ regardless of class and sex (went from 400,000 to over one million in primary schools)
How Effective were the Educational Reforms?
Russian Orthodoxy was no longer controlling schools, so young children weren’t indoctrinated at a young age (giving them a choice/freedom)
Literacy rates would improve as more people have access to education.
Beneficial for the people, but not for the autocracy.
