Alexander II Reform

Question 1

Military - Key Characters

Answer 1

Dmitry Milyutin

Question 2

Necessity of Military Reforms

Answer 2

Prussian Army had become the most sophisticated and advanced in Europe as evidenced by the Franco-Prussian War; Defeat in Crimean War; Emancipation Edict of 1861 created a necessity to deal with how the serfs would be treated in the draft compared to other people.

Question 3

Positive Military Reforms

Answer 3

Flogging and other forms of punishment banned; military service reduced from 25 to 16 years; Amount of soldiers i reserves reduced; medical services updated and rifles modernized; Victory in Russo-Japanese War; Greater equity in draft system

Question 4

Conscription Act of 1874

Answer 4

Nobles no longer exempt from army; All male subjects eligible for militaries service @ 20 years old; draft used lottery; all drafted learned to read;

Question 5

Pros of Military Reform

Answer 5

Increased literacy rate; spirit of professionalism; 1877-1878 war against Turkey won; Reduced gov spending on military

Question 6

Cons of Military Reform

Answer 6

High rates of illiteracy remained; Russo-Japanese War won; WW1 a disaster; Nobles could still avoid the draft.

Question 7

Legal - Key Characters

Answer 7

Sergei Witte

Question 8

Positive Legal Reforms

Answer 8

Russia’s legal system became one of the most sophisticated in Europe; Judiciary became independent of the other government branches; System of courts was established, with an appeal system; courts opened up to the public.

Question 9

Cons of Legal Reg

Answer 9

System of Crown courts not established beyond Ukraine and the central regions of Russia; many cases of judges being corrupted

Question 10

Pros of Legal Reform

Answer 10

Courts became a thermometer for the public’s perception of the tsardom; Judges were professionals that had legal training, unlike previous judges;

Question 11

Government - Key Characters

Answer 11

Nikolai Milyutin and Pyotr Valuev

Question 12

Key Government Reforms

Answer 12

Government was organized into provincial guberniya and district uezd councils ; the position of civil servants was created; municipal self-government (zemstvas fed into dumas)

Question 13

Financial and Economics - Key Characters

Answer 13

Mikhail von Reutern

Question 14

Financial Reforms

Answer 14

Taxes collected by the government, not private enterprises; Creation of Russia’s first comprehensive budget in 1862.

Question 15

Economic Reforms

Answer 15

Seven-fold increase in railroad tracks; 6% growth rate; agricultural boom; old industries and newer industries developed thx to foreign investment.

Question 16

Church Reforms - No Key Characters

Answer 16

NADA

Question 17

Pros of Church Reforms

Answer 17

In 1868, reforms were made to allow better priests to rise in the Orthodox church; Synod no longer controlled schools (made it easier for schools to be created);

Question 18

Cons of Church Reforms

Answer 18

Little was done to aid clerical services in remote parts of Russia, where severe shortage of funds made services near impossible.