Alexander II - Dimitri Milyutin's military reforms

Question 1

It took Dimitri Milyutin __ years to make the changes he wanted, suggesting they weren’t terribly ____

Answer 1

It took Dimitri Milyutin 20 years to make the changes he wanted, suggesting they weren’t terribly successful

Question 2

Industry was adapted to suit ____ needs:

____ weapons (___ & ___-___, ___ ____) introduced to make Russia more ____ to European rivals

There was also a greater emphasis on ____ - construction of strategic railways to improve ____, ____, and ____ ____ for troops.

Relative success of this shown in ____-____ war

Answer 2

Industry was adapted to suit military needs:

Modern weapons (rifles & screw-driven, ironclad steamships)introduced to make Russia more competitive to European rivals

There was also a greater emphasis on engineering- construction of strategic railways to improve transport, provisioning, and medical care for troops

Relative success of this shown in Russo-Turkish war

Question 3

Education was improved in the army:

Military ___ introduced - gave officer corps proper ____, admitted non-____ recruits

Answer 3

Education was improved in the army:

Military colleges introduced - gave officer corps proper training, admitted non-noble recruits

Question 4

Incentive was improved in the army:

____ more open to make leadership more ____

E.g. Privates could rise to the rank of ____ on ____ alone

Answer 4

Incentive was improved in the army:

Promotion more open to make leadership more effective

E.g. Privates could rise to the rank of officer on merit alone

Question 5

Administration within the army was improved:

• __ regional commands introduced
• ____ ____ reviewed
• Changes introduced in military ____ procedure

Answer 5

Administration within the army was improved:

• 15 regional commands introduced
• Military Code reviewed
• Changes introduced in military courts procedure

Question 6

Created a smaller, cheaper, more professional army by:

• Ending ____ drafting
• Ending military ____
• Reducing size of annual conscription to ___
• Active service to __ years active service and __ years ‘leave’ in reserves
• All classes liable to ____ at __ yrs old
• Improved moral by reducing ____ ____ offenses, ended ____

Answer 6

Created a smaller, cheaper, more professional army by:

• Ending convict drafting
• Ending military colonies
• Reducing size of annual conscription to 100
• Active service to 15 years active service and 10 years ‘leave’ in reserves
• All classes liable to enlistment at 21 yrs old
• Improved moral by reducing capital punishment offenses, ended flogging

Question 7

Proof that Milyutin’s economic objectives were achieved:

Cheaper to have reduction in military service during ____ - saved significant $$$ as spent __% of budget on army and navy in ____ Budget

Answer 7

Proof that Milyutin’s economic objectives were achieved:

Cheaper to have reduction in military service during peacetime - saved significant $$$ as spent 45% of budget on army and navy in 1846 Budget

Question 8

Milyutin managed to restore Russian ____ ____ despite the ____ victory over Turkey by:

• ____ Turkey in ___
• Army developed a ____ ____ that could be readily ____ when required
• _-_ million soldiers educated 18__-__

Answer 8

Milyutin managed to restore Russian international prestige despite the difficult victory over Turkey by:

• Defeated Turkey in 1878
• Army developed a trained reserve that could be readily mobilised when required
• 2-3 million soldiers educated 1870s-90s

Question 9

Problems with the military reforms include:

• Nobility used ____
• Officers reaimed heavily ____
• Army still based on peasant ____
• High levels of ____ reduced effectiveness of ____
• ____ of bitter fighting in Turkey
• Humiliating defeat to ____ in ____ and ____ in ____ - reform ____ ____ as don’t ____ prepare
• Problems of ____ and ____ as well as ____ remained

Answer 9

Problems with the military reforms include:

• Nobility used substitutes
• Officers reaimed heavily aristocratic
• Army still based on peasant conscription
• High levels of illiteracy reduced effectiveness of training
• Months of bitter fighting in Turkey
• Humiliating defeat to Japan in 1905 and Germany in 1917 - reform peters out as don’t industrially prepare
• Problems of supply and provisioning as well as leadership remained