Alexander II Flashcards
how many people lived in Russia in the 1850s?
74 million
how percentage were nobility in 1850s Russia?
1%
what is a pogrom?
state supported violence towards Jews
How many km of railways were there in 1855?
1049km
how many people were serfs in 1858?
22.5 million serfs
how many revolts were there from 1826 - 1854?
712 revolts
when did the Crimean war take place?
October 1853-February 1856
who was involved in the Crimean war?
Britain, France, Ottoman Empire and Russia
how many soldiers were killed during the Crimean war?
300,000 soldiers
who was the minister of war?
Dmitry Milyutin
what reforms occurred in the military?
- service wasn’t given as a punishment
- length of service reduced from 25 years to 15 (9 in reserves & 6 in the army)
- military colleges for better training
- iron-clad steam ships
- compulsory conscription
when were military reforms put into place?
1875
which family members supported AII’s reforms?
Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna & Grand Duke Constantine
what did AII say about reforms?
‘come about from above and not below’
how much debt was the government in by 1855?
54 million roubles
how many serfs were morgaged to the state by 1859?
66%
when did Emancipation happen?
1861
what were the terms of the emancipation act?
- serfs released were free men
- landlords would receive compensation for loss of land
- redemption payments for land (49 annual payments with 6% increase
- freed serfs would be tied to the mir
what was in the local government reforms?
- the creation of the zemstva which allowed for local matters to have a voice
how many provinces had a zemstva by 1914?
43/70
what was in the judicial reforms?
- better pay and training for judges to reduce bribery
- creation of Volost courts
- trial by jury
what was in the educational reforms?
- 1863 : universities given independence
- 1864 : given to zemstva
- 1866 : universities are given to government
how many primary schools were there by 1880?
23,000
how many children were in primary schools by 1880?
over a million
what was in the censorship reforms?
- foreign books were able to be published in Russia with government approval
who wrote ‘what is to be done?’
Chernochevsky
who was the minister of finance for AII?
Von Reutern
what was in the economic reforms?
- 1860 state bank created
- 1862 municipal banks created
- 1869 savings bank created
- tax farming was abolished
