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Russia > Alexander II > Flashcards

Alexander II Flashcards

1
Q

When was the emancipation of the serfs

A

1861

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2
Q

In 1861 how many serfs were emancipated

A

51 million

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3
Q

3 reasons for the emancipation edict

A

Political circle of progressive nobles known as the Party of St Petersburg who came into prominence at his court
Increase in peasant uprisings
Humiliation and inefficiencies main catalyst for action from Crimea

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4
Q

What was believed to happen to modernise the army

A

Only a free population would provide the labour needed for military improvement.

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5
Q

Initially who did the emancipation edict apply to

A

Only privately owned

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6
Q

When did state serfs receive their freedom

A

1866

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7
Q

What were emancipated serfs given

A

Granted them freedom and an allotment of land

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8
Q

2 thing freed serfs had to do

A

pay redemption payments over 49 years and were to remain within the mir

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9
Q

What were estasblished to supervise the mirs

A

volosts

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10
Q

Why was land unfair during emancipation

A

Landowners kept meadows, pastures, woodland

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11
Q

By 1881 how many peasants still remained temporarily obligated to their landlords

A

15%

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12
Q

Who did well due to emancipation

A

Prosperous land peasants (Kulaks) did well as they brought up extra land and produced more

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13
Q

Why did many peasants feel cheated by emancipation

A

land allocations rarely fair

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14
Q

Limitations of the impact of emancipation on farming linking to the mir

A

institution and subsidence farming and technical backwardness persisted due to traditional mir system

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15
Q

When was it when only 50% of peasantry was capable to produce a surplus

A

1878

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16
Q

What percentage of peasantry was capable to produce a surplus in 1878

A

50%

17
Q

When were there military reforms under Alexander II

A

1874-75

18
Q

Who was conscription made compulsory for and what age

A

All classes from age 21

19
Q

What was length of service reduced to

A

25 years to 15 years of active service and 10 years in the reserves

20
Q

What was set up to provide better training for the non-noble officer corps

A

military colleges

21
Q

How did the better off get around compulsory conscription

A

Found substitutes to serve in their place

22
Q

When was the zemstva established

A

1864

23
Q

What was the zemstva

A

a local gov institution that provided social and economic services to rural areas

24
Q

Who dominated the zemstva

A

the nobilty

25
Q

When were dumas established

A

1870

26
Q

Why did the zemstva raise hopes

A

Establishment of a degree of representative government at local level

27
Q

Why was there judiciary reforms

A

because of emancipation

28
Q

What three things were established in the courts

A

Equality before the law establsihed
Accused were now presumed innocent until proven guilty and could employ a lawyer
Courts were open to the public and could be freely reported

29
Q

What was the outcome of the judiciary reforms

A

New opportunity for lawyers of the intelligentsia to criticise the regime

30
Q

Who now was the responsibility of schooling transferred to

A

Russian Orthodox church to Zemstva.

31
Q

When was it deemed necessary to reassert gov control over schooling

A

1866

32
Q

What were unis given the opportunity to do

A

govern themselves and appoint own staff.

33
Q

What happened in regard to primary and secondary education

A

extended and regarded as ‘open to all’ regardless of sex or class

34
Q

How many primary schools in 1856

A

8000

35
Q

How many primary schools in 1880

A

23000

36
Q

What did Alexander II allow with gov approval

A

foreign publications

37
Q

What was there an initial relaxation in

A

press censorship

38
Q

What did the growth in critical writing leed to

A

re-tightening on government control in 1870’s

39
Q
A

Russia (4 decks)

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