- Language disorder due to brain damage - Individuals are usually alert and aware of what is going on around them, unlike dementia - Associated with damage to left hemisphere (language center)

- Speaks slowly, good lang. comprehension, poor speech production - Cannot repeat - Paraphasia driven - Awareness of deficits (leads to frustration)

- Most severe (comprehension and production) - Cannot repeat - Perseveration

- Speech is a strange mixture of words, poor comprehension, good speech output - Cannot repeat - Rapid rate of speech

- Lesions in between Broca's and Wernicke's area - Comprehension and expression are intact - Cannot repeat - Phonemic paraphasia

- Trouble with naming and word finding difficulties - Can repeat

- Omission of function words and grammatical inflections - Speech consists of content words (ex: “The ball is on the stairs” = “Ball stairs”)

ALD Flashcards by Alyssa Reavy

Aphasia

Language disorder due to brain damage
Individuals are usually alert and aware of what is going on around them, unlike dementia
Associated with damage to left hemisphere (language center)

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Left hemisphere

Controls the right side of the body (motor and sensory impairments usually occur on right side of body

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Non-fluent aphasia types

Broca’s
Transcortical motor
Global
Mixed transcortical

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Broca’s aphasia location

Left posterior inferior frontal lobe

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Broca’s aphasia

Speaks slowly, good lang. comprehension, poor speech production
Cannot repeat
Paraphasia driven
Awareness of deficits (leads to frustration)

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Transcortical motor aphasia

Shadow of Broca’s
Can repeat

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Global aphasia

Most severe (comprehension and production)
Cannot repeat
Perseveration

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Mixed Transcortical Aphasia

Both production and comprehension is impaired
Similar to global but can repeat
Severe echolalia

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Fluent aphasia types

Wernicke’s
Transcortical sensory
Conduction
Anomic

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Wernicke’s aphasia location

left temporal parietal junction

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Wernicke’s aphasia

Speech is a strange mixture of words, poor comprehension, good speech output
Cannot repeat
Rapid rate of speech

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Transcortical sensory aphasia

Shadow of Wernicke’s
Can repeat and read (poor comprehension of repeated words)
Neglect on one side

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Conduction aphasia

Lesions in between Broca’s and Wernicke’s area
Comprehension and expression are intact
Cannot repeat
Phonemic paraphasia

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Anomic aphasia

Trouble with naming and word finding difficulties
Can repeat

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Paraphasia

Errors of speech sound output by production of unintended sounds, syllables, or words

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Phonemic (literal) paraphasia

Substitution of one phoneme over the other
- Ex: hammock= hammock

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Semantic (verbal) paraphasia

Substitution of on word for another in the same semantic category
- Ex: Hammock= bed or chair

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Neologistic paraphasia

invention of a word that has no true meaning
- Ex: Pencil= blick

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Perseverative paraphasia

Inappropriate continuation of a response after the conversational topic has been changed
- Ex: naming “apple” for picture of an apple and then for every picture presented after that

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Empty speech

substitution of such general words as this, that, stuff, and thing in place of more specific words

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Agrammatism

Omission of function words and grammatical inflections
Speech consists of content words (ex: “The ball is on the stairs” = “Ball stairs”)

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Confrontational naming

object is present

responsive naming

object is not present

Alzheimer’s

Most common form of dementia
Language problems (word finding, echolalia, reading/ writing, not meaningful speech)

Frontotemporal dementia

Due to degeneration of the frontal and temporal lobes

Parkinson's disease symptoms

- Slow voluntary movement - Tremors - Muscle rigidity - Mask-like face - Reduced eye blinking - Swallowing disorders

Huntington's disease symptoms

- Chorea - Tic-like movement disorders - Reduced voluntary movements - Slow movement - Behavioral disorders - Naming problems - Dysarthria - Muteness (final stages)

Right Hemisphere Syndrome

LAAPPOOMIS

LAAPPOOMIS acronym

Left neglect Attention/ arousal Anosognosia Perception Problem solving Orientation Organization Memory Insight Social communication

Types of attention

Focused Selective Sustained Alternating Divided

Focused attention

hear a loud noise and don’t attend to it

Selective attention

process of reacting to a certain stimulus while several others occur simultaneously (e.g., tuning out tv/music while reading)

Sustained attention

the ability to focus on an activity or stimulus over a long period of time (e.g., studying)

Alternating attention

the ability to switch your attention back and forth between tasks that require different cognitive demands (e.g., while cooking- switch from chopping to cooking on stove)

Divided attention

the ability to process two or more responses or react to two or more different demands simultaneously (e.g., driving a car while talking to a passenger)

TBI

- Alteration in brain because of external force (falls, sports injuries, car accidents) or physical trauma

Closed/ non-penetrating

- Intact meninges, whiplash - No open wound or break in the skull

Types of NPI (non penetrating)

Acceleration/ deceleration Non-acceleration

Acceleration/ deceleration

movement of brain within unrestrained head - Linear: force at midline - Angular: force off midline - Coup: point of impact (blow to the head) - Contrecoup: opposite point of impact

Non-acceleration

Moving object hits restrained head

Open/ penetrating

Open wound, break in the skull, caused by penetrating objects; torn meninges

Non-Traumatic Brain Injury (NTBI)

Damage to the brain because of internal factors (stroke, tumor) - Ischemic (flow of blood to brain is blocked) - Hemorrhagic (blood vessels break and bleed into brain) - TIA (mini stroke)

Damage to frontal lobe

Personality changes Trouble maintaining attention

Damage to occipital lobe

Vision impairment

Damage to parietal lobe

Hand eye coordination Right/ left confusion Impaired spatial orientation

Damage to temporal lobe

Trouble with understanding words STM loss

Brainstem damage

- Trouble with balance and movement - Dizziness and nausea - Impaired regulation of temperature, heart rate, respiration

Cerebellum damage

- Impaired gross and fine motor coordination - Slurred speech - Tremors and/or dizziness

Concussion

- Invisible injury - Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE): repetitive brain trauma - Tau Protein: abnormal, slowly kills brain

Cognition assessment

ACREOS, Glasgow, Ranchos

ACREOS Model

Arousal/ Attention Cognition Receptive Expressive Oral motor/ speech Swallowing

Glasgow

Classifies TBI Mild: >13 Moderate: 9-13 Severe: <9

Ranchos Los Amigos

how those with brain injuries are recovering Level 1: no response Level 10: modified independent

Neurocognitive domains

Language Executive functioning Perceptual motor function Social cognition Complex attention Learning and memory