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Chemistry > Alcohols > Flashcards

Alcohols Flashcards

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1
Q

Name two ways by which alcohols are produced in industry

A
  • Hydration

- Fermentation

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2
Q

What catalyst is used in the hydration of ethene?

A

Phosphoric acid held in silica pellets to reduce the amount used

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3
Q

What are the conditions in the hydration of ethene?

A

300°C and 60 atm and ethanol solvent

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4
Q

What is the atom economy for the hydration of ethene?

A

100%

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5
Q

What is the equation for hydration of ethene?

A

C₂H₆ + H₂O → CH₃CH₂OH (reversible)

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6
Q

What catalyst is used for fermentation?

A

Zymase enzyme in yeast

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7
Q

What conditions are needed for fermentation?

A

37°C and no oxygen

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8
Q

What is the equation for fermentation?

A

C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2CH₃CH₂OH + 2CO₂

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9
Q

What are the advantages of hydration?

A
  • 100% atom economy

- Fast continuous process

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10
Q

What are the disadvantages of hydration?

A
  • Potential side reactions (polymerisation)

- Expensive to buy and maintain high pressure equipment

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11
Q

What are the advantages of fermentation?

A
  • Renewable resource (glucose)
  • Lower energy and cost
  • Carbon neutral
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12
Q

What are the disadvantages of fermentation?

A
  • Slow batch process
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13
Q

What oxidising agent is needed to oxidise an alcohol?

A

Acidified potassium dichromate

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14
Q

What conditions are needed to oxidise a primary alcohol to an aldeyde?

A

Distillation

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15
Q

What is the colour seen when acidified potassium dichromate is reduced?

A

Orange to green

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16
Q

What condition is needed to oxidise a primary alcohol to a carboxylic acid?

A

Reflux

17
Q

What do secondary alcohols oxidise to?

A

Ketones

18
Q

What do tertiary alcohols oxidise to?

A

They cannot be oxidised (only through combustion)

19
Q

What does acid-catalysed eliminiation involve?

A

Electrons transferring from lone pair on oxygen to H+

20
Q

Acid-catalysed elimination to produce alkenes

A
  • Arrow from lone pair on oxygen in alcohol to H+
  • Arrow from neighbouring C-H bond to C-C bond in C-C-OH₂+
  • Arrow from C-O bond to O+

Chemistry (19 decks)

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